abstract precipitation as the most important factor plays the main role in many application researches which are based on climatic parameters. many researches in the field of hydrology, hydrometeorology and agriculture employs rain-gauges (such as synoptic and climatologic stations) data. precipitation characteristics, such as rainfall intensity and duration, usually exhibit significant spatial...

This study evaluated Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) product i.e. TRMM 3B42 data, using data from 52 rain gauge stations around the Meichuan watershed, which is a representative watershed of Poyang Lake basin in China. Both the latest Version 7 (V7) and previous Version 6 (V6) of TRMM 3B42 data were compared and evaluated for a 9-year per...

Multi-objective evaluation of distributed hydrological models enables an analysis of prediction behaviour of individual sub-systems within a catchment. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate an application of multi-response, multisite calibration strategy for a distributed hydrological model, so that model limitations can be identified and subsequently improved. The study was carried out for c...

The real world phenomena being observed by sensors are generally non-stationary in nature. The classical linear techniques for analysis and modeling natural time-series observations are inefficient and should be replaced by non-linear techniques of whose theoretical aspects and performances are varied. In this manner adopting the most appropriate technique and strategy is essential in evaluatin...

Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to record their pain sensation and to assess children`s reaction objectively and subjectively while receiving dental local anesthesia with 27- and 30-gauge needles. Methods: Forty children (24 boys and 16 girls) participated in this study. A random double-blinded crossover design was used so that each child served as his or her own control, rec...

rainfall spatial analysis methods are very helpful since there are not enough rainfall gauge stations and watersheds are scattered in large extent. there are many different methods for estimating average precipitation such as; arithmetic method and thiessen polygon. however, the arrangement and location of data and their correlations are not considered by classic methods. thus, geostatistical t...

Accurate estimation of precipitation and its spatial variability is crucial for reliable discharge simulations. Although radar and satellite based techniques are becoming increasingly widespread, quantitative precipitation estimates based on point rain gauge measurement interpolation are, and will continue to be in the foreseeable future, widely used. However, the ability to infer spatially dis...

OBJECTIVES Quarantine measure for prevention of epidemic disease and further evaluations of their efficiency are possible only by elaborating analyses of imported cases. The purpose of this study was to analyze descriptive epidemiological characteristics of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) cases imported to Korea. METHODS We collected two sets of data. The first set, comprised daily reported cases...

Digital tuning systems are fast replacing the conventional mechanical systems in AM/FM and television receivers. The desirability of the digital approach is mainly due to the following features: Y Precise tuning of station frequencies Y Exact digital frequency display Y Keyboard entry of desired frequency Y Virtually unlimited station memory Y Up/down scanning through the band Y Station ‘‘searc...

meteorological radars estimate the precipitation using a reflection-precipitation relation as z=arb with a, b coefficients. these coefficients will change from one precipitation to the other one. for the tehran radars they are considered as a=200 and b=1.6. these values are proper when we have moderate precipitations. this assumption causes an error in the estimation of different precipitation ...