introduction: the purpose of the present study was to record their pain sensation and to assess children`s reaction objectively and subjectively while receiving dental local anesthesia with 27- and 30-gauge needles. methods: forty children (24 boys and 16 girls) participated in this study. a random double-blinded crossover design was used so that each child served as his or her own control, rec...

Present paper investigated the strain and damage sensing property on concrete cubes embedded with carbon fibers. Concrete cubes of dimension 150 mm have been casted with different concentration of carbon fibers to study the strain and damage sensing property under cyclic loading that can be further used for health monitoring as non-destructive testing (NDT) approach. All the specimens were test...

This paper presents a new model of equivalent modulus derived from the Repeated Load CBR (RL-CBR) test without strain gauge. This model is an updated version of Araya et al. model (2011), the update consists of using the vertical strain as weighting factor instead of vertical displacement in the mean vertical and horizontal stresses calculation. The accuracy of equivalent modulus was improved b...

When the path integral method of anomaly evaluation is applied to chiral gauge theories, two different types of gauge anomaly, i.e., the consistent form and the covariant form, appear depending on the regularization scheme for the Jacobian factor. We clarify the relation between the regularization scheme and the Pauli–Villars–Gupta (PVG) type Lagrangian level regularization. The conventional PV...

Using connection with quantum field theory, the infinitesimal covariant abelian gauge transformation laws of relativistic two-particle constraint theory wave functions and potentials are established and weak invariance of the corresponding wave equations shown. Because of the three-dimensional projection operation, these transformation laws are interaction dependent. Simplifications occur for l...

We show how the gauge-invariance formulation given by Haberzettl is implemented in practice for photoproduction amplitudes at the tree level with form factors describing composite nucleons. We demonstrate that, in contrast to Ohta's gauge-invariance prescription, this formalism allows electric current contributions to be multiplied by a form factor, i.e., it does not require that they be treate...

We present new one loop calculations that confirm the theorems of Joglekar and Lee on the renormalization of composite operators. We do this by considering physical matrix elements with the operators inserted at non-zero momentum. The resulting IR singularities are regulated dimensionally. We show that the physical matrix element of the BRST exact gauge variant operator which appears in the ene...

The study of factorization in linearized gravity is extended to the graviton scattering processes with an electron for the massive vector boson productions such as ge → Ze and ge → Wνe. It is shown that every transition amplitude is completely factorized due to gravitational gauge invariance and Lorentz invariance. Also the explicit values of vector boson polarizations are obtained. PACS number...

Standard (level one) heterotic string models with standard model gauge group predict the unification of SU(3) and SU(2) gauge couplings whereas the U(1) factor is unified modulo an unknown normalization factor k1. On the other hand the unification mass is known. I argue that this situation is quite analogous (though opposite) to that in SUSYGUTs in which the U(1) normalization is known (k1 = 5/...