Introduction: Ammonia in form of ammonium ions is toxic and could decrease the dissolved oxygen in water and endanger the aquatic life. The aim of this study is the removal of ammonium using oxidation and adsorption by catalytic ozonation and clinoptilolite zeolite, respectively. Methods: The research method is Experimental. First, optimal pH of ammonium adsorption on carbon catalyst (5 g/L), ...

introduction of ostrich (struthio camelus domesticus), a new exotic host species to a new ecosystem likeiran, necessitates the study of its infectious diseases including parasitic infestations. for a period of one year, from 2002–03, faecal samples of 254 ostriches on 5 farms located at different parts of iran, includinggarmsar, semnan province (n = 85); nashtaroud, mazandaran province (n = 29)...

the application of qualitative and participatory research methods in rural development studies shows similarities in findings with quantitative methods, as well as possibilities of more depth data analysis. this article is based on research carried out with rural appraisal method and participatory technique. the objective is to gather information on four major issues in women’s studies. the res...

background shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains are considered as one of the most important widespread food-borne pathogens, which cause diarrhea and life threatening diseases, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome, in humans. more recently, the stec strains have also been incriminated to cause diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis in calves; enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) also causes ...

salinity is a phenomenon that does not satisfy the crop water requirement and leads reduction vegetation. to control of this phenomenon requires appropriate management and monitoring of spatial and temporal salinity variations from the past to the present in this study the spatial and temporal changes of soil salinity of irrigation and drainage network located in garmsar, iran, is investigated ...

The present article has been prepared based on two field research studies undertaken to identify the vulnerable strata in rural areas of Iran’s Garmsar and Dasht-e Azadegan regions2. As will be demonstrated below, the findings of the two studies show that the development policies implemented during recent decades--policies emphasizing strategies of structural adjustment, liberalization, and pri...