A new research project has, quite recently, been launched to clarify how different, from systems in second order number theory extending ACA 0 , those in second order set theory extending NBG (as well as those in n+3-th order number theory extending the so-called Bernays Gödel expansion of full n+2-order number theory etc.) are. In this article, we establish the equivalence between ∆ 1 0-LFP an...

Vector quantization is an eecient lossy digital signal compression method. It encodes a k-dimensional vector by a reference in a dictionary { or code-book { of representative vectors called codewords. Mean-shape-gain vector quantizers (MSGVQ) encode separately the mean and the length { or gain { of the vector, using two scalar quantizers. The mean-removed, normalized vector is called the shape,...

A Fundamental activity in vector quantization involves searching a set of n kdimensional data to find the nearest one. We present a fast algorithm that is full-search equivalent, i.e. the match is as good as the one that could be found using exhaustive search. The proposed method utilizes law of cosines to calculate an estimate for distance, which is used to reduce the search area. Experiments ...

Due to the CPU limitation of the computer hardware currently available, the threedimensional full-scaled finite element model of wafer level packaging is impractical for the reliability analysis and fatigue life prediction. In order to significantly reduce the simulation CPU time, an equivalent beam method based on the micro-macro technique with multi-point constraint method is proposed in the ...

Farmers’ markets presumably benefit local economies through enhanced retention of local dollars. Unlike other studies, the net impact of farmers’ markets on the West Virginia economy is examined. Producer survey results are used in estimating annual direct sales ($1.725 million). Using an IMPLAN-based input-output model, gross impacts are 119 jobs (69 full-time equivalent jobs) and $2.389 milli...

This paper reports preliminary findings from the National Hospital Rate-Setting Study regarding the effects of State prospective reimbursement (PR) programs on measures of payroll costs and employment in hospitals. PR effects were estimated through reduced-form equations, using American Hospital Association Annual Survey data on over 2,700 hospitals from 1969 through 1978. These tests suggest t...