Sulfonated polysulfone (SPSU) with high ion exchange capacity (IEC) and ion conductivity was synthesized through deep sulfonation of polysulfone using the trimethysilyl chlorosulfonate as sulfonation agent. The silicon-containing compounds formed during the synthesis of SPSU were completely removed from the SPSU by simple evaporation. Water swelling, ion exchange capacity, conductivity and fuel...

Evidence is presented in the literature that common fluorescence tracer/fuel mixtures used in engine experiments, 3-pentanone/isooctane and biacetyl/isooctane, may decompose during extended use and storage. Investigations presented here show that preferential evaporation of the tracer and not chemical decomposition is responsible for observed decreases in fluorescence signal strength in these e...

Fossil fuel consumption problems and water crisis are serious dangers. Using renewable energy is a solution to reduce fossil fuel consumption. Photovoltaic is a renewable energy generation method which is abundantly used all over the world. By installation of solar panels on the surface of water, the efficiency of panels increases and in addition, the surface evaporation of water will be reduce...

The mixture formation prior to the ignition process plays as a key element in the diesel combustion. Parametric studies of mixture formation and ignition process in various injection parameter has received considerable attention in potential for reducing emissions. Purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of injection pressure on mixture formation and ignition especially during ignition ...

A new kinetic model for heating and evaporation of Diesel fuel droplets is suggested. The model is based on the introduction of the kinetic region in the immediate vicinity of the heated and evaporating droplets, where the dynamics of molecules are described in terms of the Boltzmann equations for vapour components and air, and the hydrodynamic region. The effects of finite thermal conductivity...

The role of boundary conditions at the interface for both Boltzmann equation and the set of Navier-Stokes equations have been suggested to be important for studying of multiphase flows such as evaporation/condensation process which doesn't always obey the equilibrium conditions. Here we present aspects of transition-state theory (TST) alongside with kinetic gas theory (KGT) relevant to the stud...

A model describing the evaporation of an isolated drop of a multicomponent fuel containing hundreds of species has been developed. The model is based on Continuous Thermodynamics concepts wherein the composition of a fuel is statistically described using a Probability Distribution Function (PDF). Following previous studies, this PDF is parametrized on the species molar weight. However, unlike i...

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of kerosene spray combustion in a model supersonic combustor with cavity flame holder is carried out. Kerosene is injected through the ceiling of the cavity. The subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence stress tensor is closed via the Smagorinsky’s eddyviscosity model, chemical source terms are modelled by a finite rate chemistry (FRC) model, and a four-step reduced kerosene c...