it is well known fact that binary relations are generalized mathematical functions. contrary to functions from domain to range, binary relations may assign to each element of domain two or more elements of range. some basic operations on functions such as the inverse and composition are applicable to binary relations as well. depending on the domain or range or both are fuzzy value fuzzy set, i...

In this paper, we investigate the global behavior of the difference equation xn+1 = αxn−1 β + γ t ∑

A discrete n-species Schoener competition system with time delays and feedback controls is proposed. By applying the comparison theorem of difference equation, sufficient conditions are obtained for the permanence of the system.

and Applied Analysis 3 In the sequel, let q > 1 4p and . . . , φ, ψ, φ, ψ, . . . the unique prime period-two solution of 1.1 with φ < ψ. Define f ∈ C φ, ψ × φ, ψ , φ, ψ by f ( x, y ) p y qx y 2.2 for any x, y ∈ φ, ψ and g ∈ C φ, ψ , φ, ψ by y∗ g ( y ) p y − y2 qy 2.3 for any y ∈ φ, ψ . Then