Abstract M-ary frequency shift keying (FSK) is a low-power, low-data-rate modulation scheme currently used by manufacturers of data transmission equipment. Inter symbol interference (ISI) occurs in all communication systems. To analyze the effect raised cosine filter and adaptive equalizer on reducing ISI, binary FSK (BFSK) technique has been studied extensively this research. In study, we have...

A light induced frequency shift of the 0-0 line was measured in two-photon excitation spectra of single diphenyloctatetraene molecules doped in a crystal matrix. The shifts were proportional to the laser power with a slope of about 600 MHzyW when the laser beam of about 300 mW power was focused to a diameter of 2 mm. Significantly, the observed line broadenings were an order of magnitude smalle...

We report on an experimental study of the self-frequency detuning in wave mixing oscillators with the photorefractive barium titanate crystal. We show its dependence on a dc electric field on the crystal, optical phases in the oscillator cavity, and light intensity in the crystal. This resolves many aspects of previously observed and unexplained self-frequency detuning effects with similar osci...

The light-sensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction with a ruthenium-based catalyst is a convenient system to study the effect of external perturbations on dynamical behavior of chemical reactions. The Ru(bpy)3Cl2 complex was first suggested as a luminescent indicator for the BZ reaction by Demas and Diemente.1 Later the reaction was found to be sensitive to visible light by Gaspar et al.,2 ...

Phase angle shift between the current and voltage with frequency has been reported for a single phosphoric acid fuel cell in the cell temperature from 100 °C to 160 °C and the humidifier temperature from 40 °C to 90 °C. An electrochemical workbench is employed to find the shift. The figure of phase angle shift shows a peak in high humidifier temperatures. The peak in phase angle shift directs t...