There is a large literature concerning rule engines (forward chaining or backward chaining). During the last thirty years there were various proposals such as RETE, TREAT and the derived Gator algorithm. Significantly, RETE was embedded into various expert systems such as Clips and its successor Jess, and Drools including in a number of commercial rule engines and was extended various times inc...

This research is motivated by the lack of independence in student learning because teaching materials used are less varied and insufficient number for students. Besides that, there also limitations existing empowering students to learn. The aims develop e-modules based on Forward Backward Chaining that valid practical use. was carried out developing E-modules which were then validated practiced...

Comparative studies of forward and backward chaining have led some to suggest that sensitivity to each teaching procedure may be idiosyncratic across learners and tasks. The purposes of the current study were threefold. First, we assessed differential sensitivity to each chaining procedure within children when presented with multiple learning tasks of similar content but different complexity. S...

In this paper we consider knowledge bases that organize information using ontologies. Specifically, we investigate reasoning over a semantic web where the underlying knowledge base covers linked data about science research that are being harvested from the Web and are supplemented and edited by community members. In the semantic web over which we want to reason, frequent changes occur in the un...

Natural deduction, which is a method for establishing validity of propositional type arguments, helps develop important reasoning skills and is thus a key ingredient in a course on introductory logic. We present two core components, namely solution generation and practice problem generation, for enabling computer-aided education for this important subject domain. The key enabling technology is ...