Introduction: Pain as a complex process in central nervous system (CNS) has been studied by many researchers. Pain is controlled by several CNS pathways, one of the most important of which, is the descending noradrenergic system. This system begins from locus coeruleus (LC) nucleus in pons and ends in the spinal cord. In this research, the effect of pain induced by formalin was studied. Met...

introduction: it has been shown that the extract of elaeagnus angustifolia can inhibit inflammation and pain induced by formalin in mice and rats. the aim of the present study is to reach evaluations of possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of elaeagnus angustifolia extract in reducing pain and inflammation through examining the extract ability for inhibition of cyclooxygenase (cox) type 1...

the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inflammatory pulpal pain on spatial learning and memory in male wistar rats. fifty-six adult rats were divided into eight groups as follows (n=7 per group): control, sham-operated group that received normal saline, sham vehicle group that received vehicle of capsaicin, three capsaicin treated groups that received intradental injection of 10...

UNLABELLED We sought to determine whether local administration of pentoxifylline (PTF) or propentofylline (PPTF), which hinders cytokine production, influences pain threshold and formalin-induced pain behavior in rats or the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) messenger RNA (mRNA) concentrations in the inflamed paw tissue. PTF (0.5, 1, or 2 mg) and PPTF (1 or 2 mg) injected intrapl...

Pain is a complex process in the central nervous system (CNS). Several factors can alter the pain threshold and insulin is one of them which is produced by the beta cells of pancreas and capable of crossing blood-brain barrier. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intra-cerebroventricular (ICV) injection of insulin on the pain response to formalin in short-term induced diabetic ...

Calcium, through its various channels involves in local, spinal and supra-spinal transmission of pain. In the present study, we investigated the separate and combined treatment effects of verapamil (a calcium channel blocker), morphine (an opioid agonist) and naloxone (an opioid antagonist) on pain in the orofacial region of rats. Orofacial pain was induced by subcutaneous (SC) injection of for...

In the present study, the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of normal saline (control), histamine, mepyramine (a histamine H1-receptor antagonist) and ranitidine (a histamine H2-receptor antagonist) were investigated on the formalin-induced pain in rabbits. Subcutaneous (SC) injection of a formalin (100 μl, 5%) solution into the ventral surface of the right hind paw was pe...

Intraplantar formalin injection is widely used as an experimental model of tonic pain. We investigated the role of endogenous A-opioid receptor mechanisms in formalin-induced nocifensive behavior in mice. The flinching response induced by formalin (2%, 20 Al) was studied in mice with normal (wild type, n = 8) and absent (homozygous A-opioid receptor knockout, n = 8) A-opioid receptor levels. Th...

introduction: it is known that acute and chronic stress induce hormonal and neuronal changes which affecting both pain threshold and nociceptive behaviours. orexin plays an important role in modulation of pain and stress. considering pain modulation during stress and the role of orexin in pain and stress, orexin might be involved in pain modulation during stress.we evaluated the involvement of ...

Gonadal hormones have been shown to exert modulatory effects on nociception and analgesia. To investigate the role of gonadal hormones in the response by female rats to both phasic and persistent nociceptive stimulation, we evaluated the effects of long-term ovariectomy (OVX, 6 months) on the thermal pain threshold and on formalin-induced responses. The thermal pain threshold was evaluated with...