We evaluated two speech research paradigms by comparing standardized sentences to ‘free speech’ (both produced by students without interaction partner). Samples of infant(IDS), foreigner(FDS) and adult-directed speech (ADS) were acoustically analyzed for F0 and hyperarticulation. No difference for hyperarticulation was found between IDS, FDS and ADS, which is in contrast to natural speech and i...

Spelling correction has been studied for many decades, which can be classified into two categories: (1) regular text spelling correction, (2) query spelling correction. Although the two tasks share many common techniques, they have different concerns. This paper presents our work on the CLP-2014 bake-off. The task focuses on spelling checking on foreigner Chinese essays. Compared to online sear...

The article presents the definition of a foreigner and describes characteristic features phenomena related to foreigners who arrive in territory Poland. Categories occurring Poland have been discussed legal regulations indicated. conditions crossing border. work possibilities staying forms employment as well rights foreigners.

We model long distance historical trade through intermediaries (couriers). Assuming contracts cannot be enforced and the courier can abscond, we characterize optimal trade schemes. The courier makes many but finite return trips, being entrusted with bundles of ever-increasing value, the last of which they keep for themselves. We are consistent with evidence including: (i) finite trade schemes t...