Fast and reliable prediction of riverine flow velocities plays an important role in many applications, including flood risk management. The shallow water equations (SWEs) are commonly used for the velocities. However, accurate fast with standard SWE solvers remains challenging cases. Traditional approaches computationally expensive require high-resolution measurement riverbed profile (i.e., bat...

limitations of our cognitive system? Or are errors indispensable parts of every intelligent system? From the first perspective, all errors are at best unnecessary and at worst harmful. Consider an error commonly made by children. When asked to find the sum of 1/2 and 1/3. the answer is often 2/5. This is called the freshman error of adding numerators and adding denominators {Silver. 1986). But ...

A symbol is a pattern (of physical marks, electromagnetic energy, etc.) which denotes, designates, or otherwise has meaning. The notion that intelligence requires the use and manipulation of symbols, and that humans are therefore symbol systems, has been extremely in uential in arti cial intelligence. keywords: symbol, reasoning, intelligence, representation, logic This article has two parts. W...

Forty-five patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were studied to compare the acute effects of ipratropium bromide (60 µg), salbutamol (300 µg) and placebo (3 puffs) on the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV 1) and forced vital capacity (PVC). Ipratropium bromide produced a significantly greater improvement than salbutamol in both FEV1 and FVC at 15,60 and 180 minutes afte...

in the present work properties of rossby and inertia gravity waves are investigated based on proper orthogonal decomposition (pod) functions. the pod functions are constructed using analytical, experimental or numerical data recorded as snapshots. the pod basis can be carried out to make a reduced order model by galerkin projection of governing equations onto these functions. in this paper, the...