Using a dynamic biomechanical model of malunion of the shoulder, we have determined the change in deltoid force required for abduction with various combinations of superior and posterior displacement of fractures of the greater tuberosity of the humerus. We tested eight fresh human cadaver shoulders in a dynamic shoulder-testing apparatus during cycles of glenohumeral abduction from 0 degrees t...

The accuracy of simulations of the plastic deformation of sheet metal depend to a large extend on the description of the yield surface, the hardening and the friction. In this paper simulations of deep drawing of an AlMg alloy with a shell model are presented. The yield surface is described by a Von Mises, a Hill ’48 and a Vegter yield function. The parameters for the model are based on biaxial...

We present an extensive thermodynamic study of methane coadsorbed on graphite precoated with a saturated monolayer of carbon tetrachloride. A combination of heat capacity and volumetric equation of state data permit construction of the multilayer coadsorption phase diagram between 70 and 115 K. Displacement of the preadsorbed CCl4 by CH4 occurs by a continuous process across the temperature ran...

Actual applications of the energy absorbers showed that actual loads are not applied in the form of pure axial compression, pure bending or pure torsion. In reality, an energy absorber component may be subjected to combined loading of compression, bending and torsion. A number of previous articles have investigated the behavior of energy absorbers under oblique loading. In such cases, the obliq...

Most engineering products are designed to either deliver or withstand a specific maximum force or level of energy. It is important however that the design of a structure or a machine incorporates an external or internal mechanism to overcome excessive loading, so as to reduce human discomfort and unsafe operations. Most high-energy absorption devices are not re-usable and have rebound forces co...

The goal of this study was to describe the movement patterns of the ankle joint whilst standing on one leg. Ten healthy adult females (age 24 +/- 5.3 years) performed a one-legged standing task with eyes closed. Force platform recordings and video analyses were used to describe the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of the ankle joint during this task. A rocking movement of the foot (heel in...

OBJECTIVE To compare hysteresis, activation and deactivation forces produced by first-order deformation of Contour 0.014-in NiTi wire (Aditek, Brazil) in four brands of self-ligating brackets: Damon MX, Easy Clip, Smart Clip and In-Ovation. METHODS Activation and deactivation forces were measured in an Instron universal tensile machine at 3 mm/minute speed to a total displacement of 4 mm. Tes...

We present a micrograting-based force sensor integrated with a surface micromachined silicon-nitride probe for penetration and injection into Drosophila embryos. The probe is supported by springs of a known spring constant, and the penetration force is determined from displacement measurements using a high-resolution, miniaturized optical encoder that is designed to only be sensitive to axial d...

This paper describes a micro-optical three-axis tactile sensor capable of sensing not only normal force, but also shearing force. The normal force was detected from the integrated gray-scale values of bright pixels emitted from the contact area of conical feelers. The conical feelers were formed on a rubber sheet surface that maintains contact with an optical waveguide plate. The shearing force...

A movable inclusion in an elastic material oscillates as a rigid body with six degrees of freedom. Displacement/rotation and force/moment tensors which express the motion of the inclusion in terms of the displacement and force at arbitrary exterior points are introduced. Using reciprocity arguments two general identities are derived relating these tensors. Applications of the identities to sphe...