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in this study, a numerical computational fluid dynamics study is conducted in order to predict the aerodynamic forces on the np car. the turbulent air flow around the car is modeled using the realizable k-ε model. first, results are validated against those presented for the ahmed’s body. next, the fluid flow around the car is simulated for different car speeds ( to mph) and flow directions ( to...

We quantified the electrical polarization properties of single bacterial cells using electrostatic force microscopy. We found that the effective dielectric constant, ε(r,eff), for the four bacterial types investigated (Salmonella typhimurium, Escherchia coli, Lactobacilus sakei, and Listeria innocua) is around 3-5 under dry air conditions. Under ambient humidity, it increases to ε(r,eff) ∼ 6-7 ...