statement of the problem : enamel white spot lesions are one of the problems associated with fixed orthodontic treatment that compromise esthetics. porpuse the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride varnish on the improvement of white spot lesions after fixed orthodontic treatment. materials and methods in this randomized clinical trial, 20 patients with at least two white spo...

background. regarding the lack of comprehensive systematic review on the efficacy of water fluoridation and prevalence of dental fluorosis, the aim of the current research was to systematically study the prevalence of dental fluorosis at different levels of water fluoride in the world and lay emphasis on the amount of fluoride in drinking water. methods. studies were searched in pubmed, scopus,...

abnormal fluoride levels in drinking water have been associated with adverse health effects. to determine the fluoride content of well waters in enugu, southeastern nigeria, water samples from 50 artisan wells chosen by multistage sampling procedure from the 5 zones of enugu municipality were analyzed in duplicates for their fluoride content. the zonal mean values were 0.60, 0.70, 0.62, 0.62, a...

Introduction of systemic and topical fluorides into the prevention and control of dental caries represents the most significant issue in dentistry in the second half of the 20th century. Fluorides have brought a considerable decline in dental caries prevalence especially in countries with advanced economies. However expanding assortment of fluoride-containing preventives and oral cosmetics has ...

The first π-coordination-catalyzed nucleophilic fluorination of unactivated aryl halides has been demonstrated. Chlorobenzene reacts with alkali metal fluorides (CsF, KF) in the presence of a Cp*Ru catalyst at 120-180 °C to give fluorobenzene.

Selective functionalization reactions of aromatic and heteroaromatic halides with carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen nucleophiles have attracted much attention in the last decades. In addition to typical metal-catalyzed coupling reactions, direct functionalization of aryl halides through the formation of Grignard reagents offer new ways for the efficient construction of biologically interesting carbo...

With the aim of gauging their potential as conducting or superconducting materials, we examine the crystal structures and magnetic properties of the roughly one hundred binary, ternary, and quaternary Ag(II) and Ag(III) fluorides in the solid state reported up to date. The Ag(II) cation appears in these species usually in a distorted octahedral environment, either in an [AgF](+) infinite chain ...