recurrent pterygial cells than on primary ones. Our small prospective interventional study documented favorable outcomes of the use of topical MMC in the management of acutely recurring pterygium. It effectively halted progression and led to regression of the growth, avoiding the need for repeat surgical excision. However, larger clinical trials are warranted to evaluate the long-term safety an...

The lack of proper enforcement mechanism for sovereign debt generates a commitment failure. As a result, a sovereign may seek to improve its position in debt renegotiations and thus evade its debt obligations by reducing exports. Conditionality seeks to provide a solution to the incentive problem by addressing the commitment failure. Formalizing this argument, we show that conditionality helps ...

OBJECTIVE We report 3 cases of intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome (IFIS) during cataract surgery in patients without a history of selective α1-blocker use but with a long-term history of antipsychotic drug use. We reviewed previously reported cases of antipsychotic drug-associated IFIS cases. DESIGN Observational case series. RESULTS In case 1, bilateral IFIS developed in a 39-year-old man...

Following the first report describing intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome (IFIS) in 2005, extensive efforts have been made to educate prescribing physicians about the association of IFIS with systemic a1-antagonists such as tamsulosin. In 2005, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a new label warning about this association and Boehringer Ingelheim, manufacturer of Flomax (tamsulosin), i...

PURPOSE The α₁A-adrenoceptor (α₁A-AR) subtype was suggested to mediate contraction and trophic effects in the iris dilator muscle, and thus its pharmacological blockade may be involved in intraoperative floppy iris syndrome. We tested the hypothesis that the α₁A-AR mediates pupil dilation and trophic effects in the mouse iris. METHODS The α₁-AR subtype mRNA expression was quantified in iris t...

Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome (IFIS) has received a significant amount of attention and subsequent research since it was first reported in 2005 (Bell et al., 2009; Blouin et al., 2007; Chang & Campbell, 2005; Chang et al., 2007; Oshika et al., 2007; Srinivasan et al., 2007; Takmaz & Can, 2007). Current and former uses of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor (α1AR) antagonists—most notably tamsulos...

PURPOSE To investigate the effects of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) regarding potential risks of complications in the setting of cataract surgery. AIM To address recommendations, optimal control therapy, voiding symptoms and safety within the setting of cataract surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive literature review...