child and childbearing are considered as the most important 'family values' in iran. based on historical experiences and events as well as common life experience different generations of iranian women have various and sometimes contrasting attitudes and perceptions towards the meaning and concept of child. according to theoretical framework; cultural changes theory, second demographic...

In a continent where most countries exhibit low or “lowest-low” fertility, the experience of Sweden and its Nordic neighbors has become of interest to social scientists and policy makers concerned with the causes and consequences of low fertility. Nordic fertility can be labeled as “highest-low”: the fertility of Sweden and its neighbors is below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman ...

We use data from the earlier and later cohorts of the NLSY to estimate the effect of marriage and childbearing on wages. Our estimates imply that marriage lowers female wages 2-4 percent in the year of marriage. Marriage also lowers the wage growth of men and women by about two and four percentage points, respectively. A first birth lowers female wages 2-3 percent, but has no effect on wage gro...

Demographic decompositions of recent fertility decline in urban Ethiopia identify delayed marriage among recent cohorts of women as a major component of the decline in urban fertility (Sibanda et al., 2003; Lindstrom and Woubalem, 2003). Studies conducted in other sub-Saharan African countries find that as age at marriage increases, premarital sex becomes increasingly common, often leading to a...

Adolescent mothers are reportedly at risk for depression and problem behaviors in the postpartum period, but studies have rarely considered developmental context and have yet to disentangle the effects of childbearing on adolescent functioning from selection effects that are associated with early pregnancy. The current study examined changes in adolescent depression, conduct problems and substa...

background one of the strategies for a good outcome and pain free childbearing is to design the delivery room. objectives the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of snoezelen room on childbearing outcome such as pain intensity, duration of labor, and perinea status in nulliparous women. patients and methods this study was a randomized controlled clinical trial consists of 100 childbea...

This paper aims to identify different potential factors associated with childbearing pattern among the ever-married women in Bangladesh. Childbearing pattern is directly related to fertility level and rapid population growth is the major consequence of more childbearing. Bearing more children affects adversely on social and economic opportunities and produces substantial risks to the health of ...

This paper presents estimates of delayed childbearing and permanent childlessness in the United States and the determinants of those phenomena. The estimates are derived by fitting the Coale-McNeil marriage model to survey data on age at first birth and by letting the parameters of the model depend on covariates. Substantively, the results provide evidence that the low first birth fertility rat...