By building a game model between the institutional investors and the management, an analysis has been conducted to uncover the influential factors that are crucial to the role switching of institutional investors when confronting tunneling behaviors of the management: supervision cost, shareholding ratio, invisible income, fines and patience. In cases of lower supervision cost, higher sharehold...

Optical granulometry systems like WipFrag are required to measure fragments in situ. That is to say, the fragments are in piles where sorting takes place, where fragments are partially overlapped, and where fines may not be seen because they fall in and behind the coarser fragments, or where the fines are simply too small to be seen. As a result, optical systems tend typically to overestimate t...

We study subgame-perfect implementation (SPI) mechanisms that have been proposed in the literature as a solution to the hold-up problem. We show that SPI mechanism – which are based on off-equilibrium arbitration clauses that impose fines for lying and the inappropriate use of arbitration — have severe behavioral constraints. The fines imposed in the SPI mechanism induce retaliation against leg...

We consider implementation issues regarding two mechanisms that have been used to increase voter turnout in elections: fines and lotteries. We focus on the amount of the fine or lottery prize needed to achieve full participation. We then propose a combined, self-financing mechanism by which the fines imposed on non-participants are used to finance the prize that is awarded by lottery to one of ...

Unbound aggregates are the most common type of materials used for construction of the base layer of flexible pavements in Iran and worldwide. Due to the lack of binder, the performance of the compacted unbound aggregates is highly dependent on the properties of the gravel (particles remaining on sieve 4.75mm, sand (particles passing sieve 4.75mm and remaining on sieve 0....

A by-product of the construction aggregate industry is fines or dust that contain trace elements such as zinc and copper and significant amounts of iron, aluminum, silica and potassium. Beneficial uses for these materials have been proposed such as replenishing depleted soils and amendment in mixtures of organic byproducts prior to composting. To evaluate the beneficial uses in composting, outd...

Studies of matrix in primitive chondrites provide our only detailed information about the fine fraction (diameter <2 μm) of solids in the solar nebula. A minor fraction of the fines, the presolar grains, offers information about the kinds of materials present in the molecular cloud that spawned the Solar System. Although some researchers have argued that chondritic matrix is relatively unaltere...

This paper examines the use of tines and imprisonment to deter individuals from engaging in harmful activities. These sanctions are analyzed separately as well as together, first for identical risk-neutral individuals and then for two groups of risk-neutral individuals who differ by wealth. When fines are used alone and individuals are identical, the optimal tine and probability of apprehension...

New Hugoniot and release adiabat data for 1.8 g/cm3 lunar fines (sample, 70051) in the N 2 to 70 kbar range demonstrate that upon shock compression intrinsic crystal density (. 3.1 g/cm3) is achieved under shock stress of 15 to 20 kbar. Release adiabat determinatioc;s indicate that measurable irreversible compaction occurs upon achieving shock pressures above . k kbar. For shocks in the r y 7 t...

A company produces 1000 metal cylinders a day for 10 days. The government Safety Authority will take a random sample of cylinders, take a random sample of locations within each of these cylinders, and test for percentage Nickel (Ni) and percentage Chromium (Cr). For each sample in which the percentages are outside some intervals, they fine the company e1,000,000. If the proportion of percentage...