The struggle for national independence is often led by a charismatic movement. Once independence has been gained, such movements tend, to use Max Weber's terminology, to become "routinized" by developing either "traditional" or "bureaucratic" structures. The outcome of the conflict between these two tendencies to a large extent determines the degree of political stability, the extent of civil r...

Sen no Rikyū (1522-1591) was a tea master who consecutively served Japan’s two warlords in the turbulent feudal era. Rikyū synthesized wabi tea into ethics and aesthetics by applying it to every aspect of the ceremony, from the tea setting to the physical environment, and from the manner of making and drinking tea to the way of interacting with the environment. By producing artifacts and enviro...

Rapid advances in sensor technology and wireless communications have led to the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, the sensor nodes in WSNs have a finite lifetime since it is often impractical, or even impossible, to recharge their batteries once they have been deployed. When the energy of a sensor node has been fully consumed, it can play no further role within the WSNs. ...

We document a divergence in the duration of rule for monarchs in Western Europe and the Islamic world beginning in the medieval period. While leadership tenures in the two regions were similar in the 8th century, Christian kings became increasingly long lived compared to Muslim sultans. We argue that forms of executive constraint that emerged under feudal institutions in Western Europe were ass...

The shift from feudalism to industrial capitalism was generally accompanied by an increase in social mobility. We ask whether such an increase has occurred in a developing nation currently undergoing rapid industrialization, Indonesia. It has, at least as measured by a declining intergenerational correlation of education. To highlight the effects of economic growth on intergenerational mobility...

One popular way of exorcising the ddmon of dimensionality in dynamic programming is to consider spatial and temporal hierarchies for representing the value functions and policies. This paper develops a hierarchical method for Q-learning which is based on the familiar notion of a recursive feudal serfdom, with managers setting tasks and giving rewards and punishments to their juniors and in thei...

To begin, the so-called ‘selectivity of historical judgment’ is discussed. According to it, writing history requires a comparative criterion of historical relevance. This criterion contains philosophical elements. In Kuhn’s case, the criterion directs historical research and presentation away from Whiggish historiography by postulating a hermeneutic reading of historical sources. This postulate...

Recently published and estimated historical data illustrate that economic surplus declined during the thirteenth fourteenth centuries in England, helping explain "crisis of feudalism" started century. It was not until several later, when capitalism became dominant system, began to rise on a consistent basis, due reinvestment portion into productive activities, greater ratio capital income renta...

This study explores the influence of illiteracy on awareness fundamental rights, demanding for ideal democracy, empowerment feudalism, and insisting accountability rulers, as all governments Pakistan since 1947 have not been taking a keen interest in promoting education contrast to global literacy rate. The Likert-scale questions were asked by 560 participants who citizens had political science...