Oxygen carrier aided combustion is a process that utilizes oxygen carrying particles in fluidized bed to transport from oxygen-rich oxygen-poor regions the reactor. A commonly used oxygen-carrying material ilmenite (FeTiO3) which naturally occurring mineral. At higher partial pressures can react pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5) and thereby take up oxygen. Upon reduction of oxygen-lean locations release...

Blast furnace–basic oxygen furnace (BF–BOF) process is the predominant method for smelting vanadium titano-magnetite (VTM) in China. Hydrogen-rich (H2-rich) gas injection BF considered as an important way to reduce CO2 emission under background of low carbon metallurgy. In this paper, softening–melting behaviors VTM sinter H2–rich gases were investigated by determination its reduction softening...

Traditionally, industrial scale production of the TiO2 pigment is achieved by hydrolysis from H2SO4 solution or TiCl4. However, route produces FeSO4 waste, which problematic, and TiCl4 requires a high grade rutile feedstock chemically upgraded ilmenite (FeTiO3). Here, we investigate direct to using aqueous HCl. New Zealand digested in 35 wt % HCl achieve containing typically 1.18 mol kg–1 Fe(aq...

Zircon (ZrSiO4) is a small mineral highly resistant to chemical changes; this robustness has led it to be used for estimating earth conditions eons ago. It has been used to date geologic events, measuring its radiogenic Pb, U and Th isotopes. The oldest dated mineral on Earth is a zircon from Australia, and its oxygen isotope value suggests Earth’s crust was cool and wet as long ago as 4.3 bill...

Al2O3/TiC composites are used as cutting tools for machining gray cast iron and steels. The addition of iron improves the toughness of Al2O3/TiC composites. Ilmenite, aluminum and graphite can be used to produce in-situ Al2O3/TiC–Fe composites. However, the formation mechanism and reaction sequences of this system are not clear enough. Therefore, the present research is designed to determ...

A strong interplay between charge, lattice, orbital and spin degrees of freedom exists in transition-metal oxides yielding the emergence of a large spectrum of functionalities such as hightemperature superconductivity, metal/insulator transition, multiferroicity, thermoelectricity... More specifically, mixed valence states of 3d elements issue as a driving force in such interplay. In addition, ...

log (gas /glass) Major species of elements in the gas and glass phases log (gas /glass) Major species of elements in the gas and glass phases Ag 3.14 Ag(g), AgCl(g); AgCl Mn -5.30 MnO(g), MnCl2(g); MnSiO3 Al -5.60 AlOF2(g); Al2O3, feldspars Mo -0.2 H2MoO4(g); CaMoO4, Na2MoO4 As 1.28 AsO(g); AlAsO4 Na -0.76 NaCl(g); NaAlSi3O8 B 2.99 HBO2(g), NaBO2(g); CaB2O4 Nb -5.33 NbO2(g); NbO2, Nb2O5 Ba -5.1...

Lake Maninjau is an erupting volcano in West Sumatra Province. The results of the eruption have now settled various places and scattered all directions due to transportation process. process transporting volcanic material caused by several factors such as wind rain. This study aims analyze distribution pattern that around Maninjau, Agam Regency. We 25 types samples divided into 3 categories. Th...