The flattening filter free (FFF) X-rays can provide much higher dose rate at the treatment target compared to the conventional flattened X-rays. However, the substantial increase of dose rate for FFF beams may affect the ion recombination correction factor, which is required for accurate measurements using ionization chambers in clinical dosimetry. The purpose of this work is to investigate the...

1 , Y. Maruyama 1 , E. Alerstam 1 , C. Cochrane 1 , G.R.Rossman 2 , S. Shkolyar 3 , J. Farmer 3 , 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109, [email protected], 2 California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, California 91125, [email protected]. 3 School of Earth and Space...

Background: We have validated the monitor unit calculations from a commercially available treatment planning system (TPS) for three intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) planning techniques for tangential breast irradiation by using ionization chamber measurements. Materials and Methods: Treatment plans were generated for forty-two breast patients by a forward planned field in field ...

This paper presents an application of a two and three stages difference in differences model to measure environmental and economic impacts of Farmer Field School on crop and pest management practices of rice in Thailand. Panel data from 241 farm households were collected three times over a period of four years in five rice-producing provinces of Thailand. Data included socio-economic data descr...

For several decades the effective and efficient dissemination of new agricultural knowledge among farmers in developing countries has been problematic. Two major programs were implemented in Indonesia, namely The Training and Visit (T&V) Extension Program or The Massive Guidance (BIMAS) Program, from the mid 1960s until the end of the1980s, and the Farmer Field School (FFS) Program, during the ...

Wheat is an important food security crop in central Asia but frequently suffers severe damage and yield losses from insect pests, pathogens, and weeds. With funding from the United States Agency for International Development, a team of scientists from three U.S. land-grant universities in collaboration with the International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas and local institutions i...

More than half of the world’s cotton lint is produced in Asian countries: China contributes 24 percent (6.3 Mt of raw cotton), India 16 percent (4.1 Mt) and Pakistan 10 percent (2.5 Mt) to the total world cotton production (Kooistra, 2006). The cotton-based farming systems differ for management practices and cropping pattern across and within countries, however in common they have the size ofte...