Formalisms and axiomatic theories are designed to support reasoning, they are often intended with a preferred interpretation and a targeted ontology. Questions of proper interpretations and of the possible challenge of an intended interpretation arise when integrating a particular theory in pre-existing formal and ontological settings. This paper reports on an instance of this general problem o...

Turbulent atmospheric conditions represent a challenge to stable flight in soaring birds, which are often seen to drop their wings in a transient motion that we call a tuck. Here, we investigate the mechanics, occurrence and causation of wing tucking in a captive steppe eagle Aquila nipalensis, using ground-based video and onboard inertial instrumentation. Statistical analysis of 2594 tucks, id...

Enhanced transport of trace metal in porous media can occur in the presence of a ligand or "carrier" that has a high affinity for binding the pollutant, is dispersed and mobile in the soil environment, is recalcitrant with respect to microbial degradation, and is acceptable to the public. These aspects of the facilitated transport to trace metals are discussed with respect to a naturally occurr...

Within a living cell, site-specific DNA-binding proteins need to search the whole genome to find a target of ~10-20 bp. That they find the target, and do so quickly, is vital for the correct functioning of the DNA, and of the cell as a whole. The current understanding is that this search is performed via facilitated diffusion, i.e. by combining three-dimensional bulk diffusion within the cytopl...

Purpose: Divergence insufficiency is characterized by esotropia at far distance with symptomatic diplopia, minimal or no deviation near distance, and full ocular duction version. We analyzed the results of bilateral lateral rectus (BLR) tucking in patients divergence insufficiency.Methods: Surgery was performed on persistent diplopia for least 6 months after onset. The surgical were evaluated B...

Antenatal ultrasound scanning has facilitated the prenatal diagnosis of many fetal anomalies. The improved understanding of fetal pathophysiology, combined with increased accuracy of fetal diagnosis and knowledge of the clinical postnatal outcome, have culminated in the development of fetal treatment. This is usually considered when a potentially life threatening and/or disabling, but correctab...

Introduction In the last 50 years we have seen tremendous advances in the management of fetal haemolytic anaemia. What was once a disease of high perinatal mortality and morbidity has become a condition readily amenable to antenatal diagnosis and intrauterine fetal therapy. Prior to the 1960s, the management of severe fetal anaemia relied on preterm delivery and subsequent therapy in the neonat...

Ligand- or voltage-driven stochastic gating-the structural rearrangements by which the channel switches between its open and closed states-is a fundamental property of biological membrane channels. Gating underlies the channel's ability to respond to different stimuli and, therefore, to be functionally regulated by the changing environment. The accepted understanding of the gating effect on the...