T-cell mediated cytotoxic responses to H-Y antigen require co-recognition of H-Y and H-2 gene products. F1 mael stimulating cells and target cells express H-Y antigen in association with both parental H-2 haplotypes. However, F1 females primed in vivo and challenged in vitro with F1 male cells lyse male target cells of F1 and only one parental H-2 haplotype. Thus, (CBA X B10)F1 females sensitiz...

We investigate the effects of consumers’ environmental concerns and market competition on firms’ decisions to innovate in “clean” technologies. Agents care about their consumption footprint; firms pursue greener products soften price competition. Acting as complements, these forces determine R&D, pollution, welfare. test theory using panel data patents by 7,060 automobile sector 25 countrie...

The striped pattern of fushi tarazu (ftz) expression found in the blastoderm of the Drosophila melanogaster embryo is generated largely through complex interactions between multiple transcription factors that bind to the zebra element of the ftz gene. A motif in the zebra element, the FTZ-F1 recognition element (F1RE), has been shown to bind a transcription factor, FTZ-F1 alpha, that is a membe...

The cancellation level and phase were measured for the (f2-f1) distortion product in six normal-hearing ears as a function of input level (L1,L2) and the frequency separation of the two input signals (f1,f2, where f2 greater than f1). The effects of input level were examined for L1 and L2, varied together (L1 = L2) and separately. Typically, f1 was 1500 Hz while f2/f1 was either 1.16, 1.32, 1.4...

Detailed understanding of the action of biological molecular machines must overcome the challenge of gaining a clear knowledge of the corresponding free-energy landscape. An example for this is the elucidation of the nature of converting chemical energy to torque and work in the rotary molecular motor of F1-ATPase. A major part of the challenge involves understanding the rotary-chemical couplin...

F1-ATPase is the catalytic component of the ATP synthase molecular machine responsible for most of the uphill synthesis of ATP in living systems. The enormous advances in biochemical and structural studies of this machine provide an opportunity for detailed understanding of the nature of its rotary mechanism. However, further quantitative progress in this direction requires development of relia...

The Escherichia coli uncA gene codes for the a subunit of the F1-sector of the membrane proton-ATPase. Mutations in this gene cause loss of ATPase and ATP synthesis activity and, in some instances, derangement of F1 structure. From three mutants (uncA401, uncA453, and uncA447), an F1 of normal size and subunit structure may be purified. In this work, purified soluble F1 from these three mutants...

F1-ATPase is a rotary motor made of a single protein molecule. Its rotation is driven by free energy obtained by ATP hydrolysis. In vivo, another motor, Fo, presumably rotates the F1 motor in the reverse direction, reversing also the chemical reaction in F1 to let it synthesize ATP. Here we attempt to answer two related questions, How is free energy obtained by ATP hydrolysis converted to the m...

Many essential functions of living cells are performed by nanoscale protein motors. The best characterized of these is F(o)F1-ATP synthase, the smallest rotary motor. This rotary motor catalyzes the synthesis of ATP with high efficiency under conditions where the reactants (ADP, H2PO4(-)) and the product (ATP) are present in the cell at similar concentrations. We present a detailed structure-ba...

There is now compelling evidence in support of a rotary catalytic mechanism in F1-ATPase, and, by extension, in the intact ATP synthase. Although models have been proposed to explain how protein translocation in F0 results in rotation of the gamma-subunit relative to the alpha 3/beta 3 assembly in F1 [22], these are still speculative. It seems likely that a satisfactory explanation of this mech...