Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is presumably caused by a slow infectious pathogen or prion. The principal clinical features of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are dementia, pyramidal and extrapyramidal symptoms and signs, cerebellar dysfunction, and myoclonus. The patient rapidly deteriorates, declines to a vegetative state, becomes comatous, and is ultimately dead within several months. The authors...

We present a case of an eleven-year-old boy presenting with progressive extrapyramidal signs and dementia. His imaging findings demonstrated the classic eye-of-the-tiger sign on T2W magnetic resonance imaging. He was diagnosed with pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN). This is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of coenzyme A metabolism, caused by mutations in PANK2. This...

Olfactory disorder takes a special place among non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) as one of earliest signs of the disease. Based on literature data, authors suggest that simple and structured tests for detection of olfactory disorders should be part of diagnostic algorithm for early detection of PD) and occupy a special place in differential diagnosis of diseases of the extrapyramid...

Abstract Background Ca 2+ as a universal second messenger regulates basic biological functions including cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation, and death. Lack of the protein mitochondrial calcium uptake1 (MICU1), which has been regarded gatekeeper ions, leads to abnormal handling, excessive production reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased Mutations in MICU1 gene causes very rare neurom...

OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study were to investigate the rate (incidence) of tardive dyskinesia in elderly patients beginning treatment with antipsychotic medication and to identify risk factors for development of tardive dyskinesia in this age group. METHOD A group of 261 neuroleptic-naive patients aged 55 or above were identified at the time they were starting antipsychotic drug treatme...

BACKGROUND Patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) who have psychiatric and parkinsonian symptoms experience faster cognitive deterioration and shorter survival vs those without such disease features. Extrapyramidal signs (EPSs) in particular have been associated with the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs) on autopsy and with poorer survival in patients with AD. Lewy bodies found at autopsy are not alw...

OBJECTIVES To investigate the incidence of tardive dyskinesia in elderly individuals beginning treatment with antipsychotic drugs and to identify risk factors for the development of tardive dyskinesia in the elderly. DESIGN A cohort of previously neuroleptic-naive patients was identified at the time of initiation of antipsychotic drug treatment. Patients were evaluated at baseline and followe...