In this paper, mixed forced and natural convection heat transfer in a rectangular cavity has been numerically studied. the cavity receives a uniform heat flux from one side and is ventilated with a uniform external flow. The external flow enters the cavity from the heated side and leaves the cavity from the opposite side. The velocity and temperature fields and heat transfer rate are determined...

In this paper, mixed forced and natural convection heat transfer in a rectangular cavity has been numerically studied. the cavity receives a uniform heat flux from one side and is ventilated with a uniform external flow. The external flow enters the cavity from the heated side and leaves the cavity from the opposite side. The velocity and temperature fields and heat transfer rate are determined...

Two-dimensional Euler equations have been solved on an unstructured grid. An upwind finite volume scheme, based on Roe's flux difference splitting method, is used to discretize the equations. Using advancing front method, an initial Delaunay triangulation has been made. The adaptation procedure involves mesh enrichment coarsening in regions of flow with high low gradients of flow properties, ac...

This paper considers some aspects of the effects of fiscal policy on macroeconomic adjustment in developing countries. First, the paper reviews the notion of the fiscal deficit in the particular context of developing countries. It then spells out the conditions under which the internal and external debts are sustainable and points out the role of the “twin deficits”. The paper then presents som...

This paper investigates the effects of financial development on the intensive and extensive margins of countries exports, at different stages of economic development. The paper develops a partial equilibrium model with monopolistic competition. In this model, firms are heterogeneous in terms of productivity and have access to external liquidity. The effect of financial development on the intens...

Introduction 1 I. The Importance of Internal and External Shocks 4 A. External Shocks: Uncertain Terms of Trade 4 B. External Shocks: Uncertain Access to and Cost of Foreign Capital 5 C. Internal Shocks: Uncertain Agricultural Output and Domestic Policy Shocks 10 D. Life is Uncertain! So What? 11 II. The Impact of Uncertainty on Production Commodity Trade 11 III. Trade in Goods and Risk-Free Bo...

The transformation of the present haulage industry to a more sustainable system is a major challenge and a high priority in the political agenda. In the terrestrial freight market high hopes rely on the intermodal rail-road transport. However, intermodal transport is used for a rather small market segment of concentrated freight flows over long distances. This intermodal transport is based on t...

Pakistan’s new government which assumed office under President Musharraf in October 1999 was faced with four main challenges: heavy external and domestic indebtedness; high fiscal deficit and low revenue generation capacity; rising poverty and unemployment; weak balance of payments. In addition, Pakistan was perceived as a highly corrupt country with poor governance. A survey by Transparency In...

a r t i c l e i n f o JEL classification: G32 G12 G01 F31 D53 D82 Keywords: Financial risk Foreign exchange rate Nonlinear exposure Asymmetric exposure Nonparametric methods Using weekly data from 2003 to 2011, this paper examines the presence of exchange rate exposure in thirteen Canadian industry sectors. This study contributes to the literature in a number of ways: (i) it considers the prese...

We study an open economy where a pro labor and a pro business candidate compete in an election. The winner chooses taxes, which affect investment returns. Electoral outcomes depend on the size of the foreign debt, but the debt itself reflects expectations about the election. The resulting interaction is novel and has several implications. Elections are associated with increased volatility. Poli...