As the increase in world energy consumption over coming decades will occur predominantly Asia, region be influential determining role and combination of oil gas world's mix. To assess physical economic availability these resources, supply curves are estimated this study by distributing volumetric quantities across production cost categories. The figures show how Asian both conventional unconven...

In many circles, including in Poland, lignite is still viewed as a cheap source of energy, which only possible if the external costs associated with mining and burning coal are not taken into account. this reflected plans to open new Złoczew opencast mines. previous studies, analysis has focused on combustion related pollutant emissions. This paper focuses extraction phase. The aim work here de...

The external (environmental and social) costs of landfilling (e.g. emissions to air, soil and water; and 'disamenities' such as odours and pests) are difficult to quantify in monetary terms, and are therefore not generally reflected in waste disposal charges or taken into account in decision making regarding waste management options. This results in a bias against alternatives such as recycling...

Prior literature on the diversification discount and the relative efficiency of internal versus external capital markets provides decidedly mixed results. We argue that transactions cost economics are useful in understanding this puzzle. According to transactions cost economics, diversified firms should outperform single-segment firms in industries with higher external transaction costs (e.g., ...

Agricultural production affects environmental and human health. Many consequences are borne involuntarily rather than chosen because no formal market trading takes place for ecosystem functions or health attributes. These impacts, or externalities, may be quantified indirectly by assigning dollar values through a process called valuation, which informs agricultural production and policy decisio...

Two contrasting attributes of transportation costs are introduced in this analysis. These are categorized as internal and external to the firm or the industry. It is shown that the trade-off interaction between agglomeration economies and transportation costs in established location theory solely refers to the external nature of transportation costs to the firm. This paper reveals that there is...