We develop a classification scheme of systems of exchange using concepts from network analysis, economics, and cultural sociology. This classification illustrates that the “free market” is but one possible type of economy and that other types are not best understood as imperfections. This classification helps to distinguish analytically among qualitatively different types of exchange arrangemen...

since public sector enterprises poor performance become evident, privatization as a means of improving such enterprises performance and curbing government interference in business activities has attracted much attention at national policy making levels. privatization is a complex and long term process the effect of which may appear over a long period of tome. there fore, considering it a limpid...

s d ( T a k T c o Marketing scientists and practitioners devote considerble attention to services marketing strategies and tactics, but heir focus recently has intensified with the dual realization hat all businesses are service businesses and that “competng through service” provides new perspectives and options or organizations that are striving to create value for cusomers and capture value f...

This paper presents and describes a pattern recognition program with a relatively simple and general basic structure upon which has been su­ perimposed a rather wide variety of techniques for learning, or self-organization. The program at­ tempts to generalize n-tuple approaches to pattern recognition, in which an n-tuple is a set of ind i ­ vidual cells or small pieces of patterns, and each n-...

the aim of this research is to study the relationship between organizational culture and the new measure to evaluate the organization' performance. powerful organizational culture has significantly related with organizational’ performance and it is going to be expected to create value in the organization. but, when the cultural values support organizational adaptation to environmental, the...

The costs of credit and accountability are good incentives for the Central Bank to increase independence. Independence of power and attention to economic policymaking in monetary decision-making can have a positive effect on the level of economic organization independence. The independent organization of the Central Bank has provided a plan for controlling inflation due to the importance of ind...

Building on conservation of resources theory, we cast resource depletion as a novel explanatory mechanism to explain why employees' experience of psychological contract violation results in harm to third parties outside the employee-organization exchange dyad. This resource-based perspective extends and complements the dominant social exchange perspective which views employee reactions to psych...

The World Wide Web continues to challenge organizations to make online access to their expertise convenient for their clients. One means of expertise access that many clients find convenient in everyday life is asking natural language questions of the organization. To support it online, we developed an approach to building organization-embedded question-answering intermediaries, called Informat...

In order to account for wide variation in the relationship between leader-member exchange and employees' affective organizational commitment, we propose a concept termed supervisor's organizational embodiment (SOE), which involves the extent to which employees identify their supervisor with the organization. With samples of 251 social service employees in the United States (Study 1) and 346 emp...

Advances in information and communication technologies have fundamentally heightened organizational interest in knowledge as a critical strategic resource. However, organizations are ®nding that members are often reluctant to exchange knowledge with others in the organization. This paper examines why. We review current knowledge management practices and ®nd that organizations are treating knowl...