according to common law rules of england, obligation by one party is enforceable when the other has provided a consideration or the contract has been put in a deed. in some common law jurisdictions, such as australia, canada and the united states, another doctrine, named reasonable reliance, has developed, which could act as surrogate for the doctrine of consideration. english courts, however, ...

the united states and russia are two important actors in international system. the geography of their national interests is global and extra-regional; therefore, the quality of their relationship affects the security of international system. it can create security or can cause insecurity in international system. after the disintegration of soviet :union: there has been more interaction between ...

economic recession is considered as a repeatable and constant phenomenon in capitalist economy. countries which experienced rapid economic growth have inevitably applied a balancing program after that. generally, whenever industrial, financial and commercial developments occurred in a rapid growth, the reverse and changing processes would appear. consequently, they will affect the financial and...

The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and endstage kidney disease (ESKD) presents a challenge for both developed and emerging countries. While dialysis and transplantation consumes an ever-increasing proportion of the health budget in countries such as the United States, Japan and Taiwan, there is limited availability of these expensive therapies in the majority of emerging countries and e...

the community of latin american and caribbean states, celac, is among the biggest latin american :union:s in the region.  this :union:, which includes the american countries except for the united states and canada, has been created to create the vast grounds of political and economical cooperation in the region.  celac has been considered by political analysts as an influential factor in politi...

BACKGROUND There has been substantial immigration of physicians to developed countries, much of it coming from lower-income countries. Although the recipient nations and the immigrating physicians benefit from this migration, less developed countries lose important health capabilities as a result of the loss of physicians. METHODS Data on the countries of origin, based on countries of medical...

The studies on cochlear implants have been conducted in the United States, Austria, Brasil, France, Finland, and some other countries. Up to now, this technique does not seem to have a wide spread application. Indeed it can only apply cases of deafness still presenting sufficient neural remnants to transmit the message. Moreover, the patient must be totally deaf( quasi­ complete loss of har cel...