Changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide have been proposed as a major regulator of climate during the last 570 million years. Continental weathering and its variation over time are hypothesized to be important for controlling atmospheric carbon dioxide. Continental weathering is altered by changes in total runoff as well as changes in the size and elevation of the land masses to be weathered. Whe...

The oxygen isotopes of water (H2O and H2O) are tracers widely used for the investigation of Earth science problems. The tracer applications are based on the premise that the O/O ratio of open-water evaporation (δOE) can be calculated from environmental conditions. A long-standing issue concerns the role of kinetic fractionation, or diffusion transport, in the evaporation process. Here we deploy...

Climate change is the major problem that every human being is facing over the world. The rise in fossil fuel usage increases the emission of `greenhouse' gases, particularly carbon dioxide continuously into the earth’s atmosphere. This causes a rise in the amount of heat from the sun withheld in the earth’s atmosphere that would normally radiated back into space. This increase in heat has led t...

Despite its local and regional importance, hydrometeorological data on the Sudd (one of Africa’s largest wetlands) is very scanty. This is due to the physical and political situation of this area of Sudan. The areal size of the wetland, the evaporation rate, and the influence on the micro and meso climate are still unresolved questions of the Sudd hydrology. The evaporation flux from the Sudd w...

This paper describes an experimental and theoretical analysis of the heat and mass transfer processes that take place during defrosted water evaporation from compressor water trays. The influence of the operating conditions on the water evaporation rate was experimentally evaluated using a purpose-built testing facility. Two different tray designs were studied (top hat and membrane). In total, ...

A spraying evaporation system applied to brine disposal is reported, which is mainly used for disposing the brine with concentration more than 100,000 mg/L. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation has been carried out to study the brine droplet evaporation and diffusion process in high temperature air flow. A discrete-phase model in spraying evaporation system is developed and a simulat...

Recent theoretical and experimental studies of evaporation have suggested that on average, molecules in the higher-energy tail of the Boltzmann distribution are more readily transferred into the vapor during evaporation. To test these conclusions, the evaporative cooling rates of a droplet train of liquid water injected into vacuum have been studied via Raman thermometry. The resulting cooling ...

Interpreting observations of seepage into underground openings is often complicated by evaporative potentials created by the necessity to ventilate the openings. Evaporation removes liquid from the seepage face. By doing so, it reduces both the likelihood of seepage onset and the seepage flux, and thus can enhance the perceived effectiveness of the capillary barrier. We modeled liquid-release t...

We give an overview of the present status of knowledge of the production of J/ψ, ψ′ and Υ in high-energy hadron collisions. We first present two early models, namely the ColourSinglet Model (CSM) and the Colour-Evaporation Model (CEM). The first is the natural application of pQCD to quarkonium production and has been shown to fail dramatically to describe experimental data, the second is its ph...

we use molecular dynamics simulation to describe a method that can be used to model liquid drop evaporation. For application, the liquid is taken to be water. Using the properties of the liquid and a Lennard-Jones potential, we derive dynamical equations, which are used to describe the gross dynamical behavior of the liquid-vapor molecular system. The resulting dynamical equations are solved nu...