This study examined the climate sensitivity of the growth of riparian Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (thinleaf alder), a keystone nitrogen-fixer, on the Tanana River floodplain of interior Alaska. We investigated correlations between alder radial growth and inter-annual variation in monthly meteorology and hydrology, spatial patterns of alder climate sensitivity in relationship to depth of subsur...

We explored possible interactions among gray wolves (Canis lupus), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), and thinleaf alder (Alnus incana spp. tenuifoli) in northern Yellowstone National Park. We developed an alder age structure based on annual growth rings for plants growing along six streams in areas accessible to ungulates on the northern range. Alder stems (n = 412) along the six streams ori...

Description of the Dry Alder Complex Sitka alder (Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata) is the dominant species of the Dry Alder Complex, and willow (Salix spp.) is also present on some sites (Figure ). Characteristic understorey species are fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) on sites mesic and wetter, and pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens) on sites drier than mesic (Kimmins and Comeau ). Thimbleb...

Nature's repertoire of biosynthetic transformations has recently been recognized to include the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. Evidence now exists that there are enzymes that mediate the Diels-Alder reaction in secondary metabolic biosynthetic pathways. 2002 marked the 100th anniversary of Alder's birth and 75 years since the discovery of the Diels-Alder reaction. It would appear that livi...

In this paper, a new identification of the Lagrange multipliers by means of the Sumudu transform, is employed to  btain a quick and accurate solution to the fractional Black-Scholes equation with the initial condition for a European option pricing problem. Undoubtedly this model is the most well known model for pricing financial derivatives. The fractional derivatives is described in Caputo sen...

Diarylheptanoids from the barks of Alnus viridis ssp. viridis (green alder) and Alnus glutinosa (black alder) were explored for anti-quorum sensing activity. Chemicals with anti-quorum sensing activity have recently been examined for antimicrobial applications. The anti-quorum sensing activity of the selected diarylheptanoids was determined using two biosensors, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA...

Detailed analysis of calculated data from an experimental/computational study of intramolecular furan Diels-Alder reactions has led to the unusual discovery that the mean contraction of the newly forming C-C σ-bonds from the transition state to the product shows a linear correlation with both reaction Gibbs free energies and reverse energy barriers. There is evidence for a similar correlation i...

We describe a convergent, enantioselective synthesis of (-)-tetracycline (1) from benzoic acid (17 steps, 1.1% yield). Benzoic acid was transformed into the AB precursor 2 in 10 steps (11% yield), as previously described, and the latter compound was activated toward Diels-Alder cycloaddition by the introduction of an alpha-phenylthio group (two steps, 66% yield). Heating of the resulting alpha-...

Muscle proteins of the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus L. were analyzed using starch gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing on thin polyacrylamide ampholine gel. Twenty-two protein loci were analyzed and polymorphism was found in six of them. Based on genetic-biochemical data, we hypothesize that there are two anchovy subspecies, European and African. The former inhabits the Atlan...