Keberhasilan usaha menjadi salah satu tujuan penting yang ingin dicapai oleh suatu perusahaan atau dalam bisnis. Pelaku harus melakukan analisis strategi dilakukan untuk dapat bersaing memperoleh panga pasar sehingga akan berdampak pada permintaan semakin meningkat, akibatnya pelaku menentukan permainan harga dengan tetap menjaga tingkat loyalitas dan kepuasan konsumen. Konsep terpenting bisnis...

In this study, we examined the relationships between employees’ negative internal attributions of their supervisors’ workplace decisions and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) as mediated by adverse emotions. The present research also explores moderating role ethical climate (OEC) self-enhancement in OCB. Following two studies conducted on participants recruited from industry, suggest a ...

A conceptual analysis is offered that differentiates four types of motivation for community involvement: egoism, altruism, collectivism, and principlism. Differentiation is based on identification of a unique ultimate goal for each motive. For egoism, the ultimate goal is to increase one’s own welfare; for altruism, it is to increase the welfare of another individual or individuals; for collect...

Group members often reason egocentrically, believing that they deserve more than their fair share of group resources. Leading people to consider other members' thoughts and perspectives can reduce these egocentric (self-centered) judgments such that people claim that it is fair for them to take less; however, the consideration of others' thoughts and perspectives actually increases egoistic (se...

When several decades ago the IRB system was established trying to balance major moral consideration in research with human subjects, the main impetus were severe cases of unethical behaviour and experiences, often protected by state and institutional administration. The first phase of the IRB aimed at protecting subjects from serious hazards, while in later stages the IRB turned to „lesser risk...