2 All physicians are expected to be " ethical " practitioners and researchers who are familiar with key elements that underlie ethical practice, but many have not had formal courses or reviewed the literature on biomedical ethics for several years. As a consequence, practitioners and researchers may fail to consider ethical issues in their practice and are sometimes uncomfortable when asked to ...

From the middle of 20th century, rise anthropocentric beliefs partly inherited from Abrahamic religions led to a change in mentality about ecosystems. The measurable signs environmental exploitation and destruction their consequences for human health, shift post-materialist values, growth ethical philosophies (Land ethics, Gaia Hypothesis, Deep Ecology) were predictors global ecological awarene...

Critical care medicine in China has made great advances in recent decades. This has led to an unavoidable issue: end-of-life ethics. With advances in medical technology and therapeutics allowing the seemingly limitless maintenance of life, the exact time of death of an individual patient is often determined by the decision to limit life support. How to care for patients at the end of life is no...

Scientific advances and technical developments in the field of laboratory diagnosis and their practical applications have raised ethical issues linked to religion, beliefs, lifestyle and traditions prevailing in different communities. Some of these are pertinent to genetic screening at various stages of life, prenatal diagnosis and the right of the genetically affected fetus to live--all aspect...

Objective: Religious beliefs may influence end-of-life decision-making among patients with Chronic Heart Failure (CHF). Objectives of the current longitudinal observational study were: 1) to explore whether and to what extent preferences for life-sustaining treatments and willingness to trade survival time for excellent health are influenced by religious beliefs among elderly patients with CHF;...

Over the past three decades more than 200 children have died in the U.S. of treatable illnesses as a result of their parents relying on spiritual healing rather than conventional medical treatment. Thirty-nine states have laws that protect parents from criminal prosecution when their children die as a result of not receiving medical care. As physicians and citizens, we must choose between prote...

Physicians are confronted with new information from the popular media, peer-reviewed journals, and their patients regarding the association of religious and spiritual factors with health outcomes. Although religion and spirituality have become more visible within health care, there are considerable ethical issues raised when physicians incorporate these dimensions into their care. Spiritualitie...

ijtihad, jurisprudence in religion and imitation that is fojiowing a just religious leader in divine commandments, are fundamental issues in islamic society and are necessary for continuation of divine religion. this article turns to understanding the conception, necessity, beginning and evolution of ijtihad and imitation (taqlid), if s rational and traditional reasons using quran, and also ref...