It has been noted that great socioeconomic and lifestyle changes have triggered an epidemic of obesity among Eastern Europeans. The objective of this study was to assess the change of adult obesity in Estonia by socioeconomic status and the use of outpatient healthcare services among obese individuals over time. It can be maintained that obesity distribution in Estonia in 1990-2004 developed si...

1 University of Helsinki, Dept. of Physical Sciences, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 2 Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia 3 Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 4 Department of Experimental Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland 5 Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of...

In Estonia, the sea buckthorn is a non-traditional fruit crop. From 2001 to 2003, at the Rõhu Testing Center of the Estonian Agricultural Research Center in Southern Estonia, six sea buckthorn cultivars were evaluated in terms of their yield and average fruit weight: ‘Trofimovskaya’, ‘Vorobyevskaya’, ‘Avgustinka’, ‘Otradnaya’, ‘Botanicheskaya Ljubitelskaya’, and ‘Botanicheskaya’. Chemical compo...

We cordially welcome all participants of DDECS 2013 to Karlovy Vary – the most famous spa town of the Czech Republic. The DDECS symposium series has been organized by the Czech Republic (1997, 2002, 2006, 2009), Poland (1998, 2003, 2007), Slovakia (2000, 2004, 2008), Hungary (2001, 2005), Austria (2010), Germany (2011) and Estonia (2012). After our very successful event in Tallinn, Estonia, we ...

In Estonia there is the largest industrially-used oil-shale basin in the world. This review addresses the environmental hazard of the waste streams of oilshale industry via solid wasteand water-path, mainly focusing on ecotoxicological risk due to open semicoke deposition inducing hazard to surrounding soils and groundwater. This is the first comprehensive ecotoxicological review of available d...

Evidence on the cost and cost-effectiveness of treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is limited, and no published data are available from former Soviet Union countries, where rates of MDR-TB are highest globally. We evaluated the cost and cost-effectiveness of MDR-TB treatment in Estonia and Russia (Tomsk Oblast), comparing cohorts enrolled on treatment according to World Healt...

Estonia is the only country in the world where all voters can vote online in national elections. In the 2015 election, 31% of voters did so. This paper discusses the sociology and politics of online voting in Estonia. I first show that online voting is a partisan project. Liberal, conservative, and social democratic parties support online voting as a way of modernizing the electoral system, whi...

The compulsory vaccination of pets, the recommended vaccination of farm animals in grazing areas and the extermination of stray animals did not succeed in eliminating rabies in Estonia because the virus was maintained in two main wildlife reservoirs, foxes and raccoon dogs. These two species became a priority target therefore in order to control rabies. Supported by the European Community, succ...

Results 197 new cases of PSV were diagnosed during these years – HSP in 154, KD in 35, Churg-Staruss syndrome in 2, and polyarteritis nodosa in 3 cases, respectively. Wegener granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis and hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis were all diagnosed in one patient. The age distribution ranged from 3 months to 16 years, in cases of KD – from 2 months to 13 years. 3...

Attacks against IT systems are common and attackers are often making headlines by compromising secure and critical systems to carry out malicious activities. These attacks aggravate during political conflicts and hackers get involved in destroying each other’s IT infrastructure ultimately leading to a cyber war. History has witnessed many cyber wars and the cyber attack against Estonia in April...