Introduction The fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane, proposed by Singer and Nicolson in the early 1970s (Singer & Nicolson, 1972), has provided a powerful driving force for understanding the structure of the cell membrane. Studies of the temporal and spatial architecture of the plasma membrane have indicated that it consists of compartments, which are probably maintained through their in...

Water probably flowed across ancient Mars, but whether it ever exists as a liquid on the surface today remains debatable. Recurring slope lineae (RSL) are narrow (0.5 to 5 meters), relatively dark markings on steep (25° to 40°) slopes; repeat images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment show them to appear and incrementally grow during warm seasons and ...

Planetary rovers are increasingly challenged to negotiate extreme terrain. Early destinations have been benign to preclude risk, but canyons, funnels, and newly discovered holes present steep slopes that defy tractive descent. Steep craters and holes with unconsolidated material pose a particularly treacherous danger to modern rovers. This research explores robotic braking by plowing, a novel m...

The analysis of covariance is often used in the context of premeasure/postmeasure designs to compare treatment and control groups in both randomized [1] and nonrandomized [2] studies. The intent is to adjust the difference between the changes in the 2 groups for any difference which might exist at baseline, i.e., for any difference between the premeasures in the 2 groups. An important assumptio...

although some 3d slope stability algorithms have been proposed in recent three decades, still role of pore pressures in three dimensional slope stability analyses and considering the effects of pore water pressure in 3d slope stability studies needs to be investigated. in this paper, a limit analysis formulation for investigation of role of the pore water pressure in three dimensional slope sta...

We compared the slopes of the EMF responses and the response range of a solid contact electrode based on a tribenzylamine ionophore with those based on a tris(2-phenylethyl)amine ionophore and a tris(3-phenylpropyl)amine ionophore. Their slopes of the EMF responses showed, respectively, 57.7, 58.1, 59.0 mV pH(-1) (at 20 +/- 0.2 degrees C). Also, the linear pH response dynamic ranges were 2.74-1...

We examine whether credit-spread curves, engendered by a mandatory subordinated-debt requirement for banks, would help predict bank risk. We extract the credit-spread curves each quarter for each bank in our sample, and analyze the information content of credit-spread slopes. We find that credit-spread slopes are significant predictors of future credit spreads. However, credit-spread slopes do ...

[1] Accumulations of rocky debris at the base of bedrock escarpments on Mars have mean inclinations of 20 , well below the angle of repose ( 35 ). These inclinations decrease with increasing latitude, suggesting a climatic influence. We present evidence that these low inclinations are the result of gravitational creep driven by repeated deposition and sublimation of ground ice. We estimate the ...