Review of Iran’s experiences regarding health following Islamic Revolution suggests that two major events influenced on health system structure; establishment of Primary Health Care (PHC) and integration of medical education in former ministry of health and formation of Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME). Both of these important developments began in the first decade after the rev...

Air pollution is overflowing in big cities, especially in areas where pollution sources and the human population are concentrated. Economic growth and industrialization caused the increasing emissions of air polluting. Then, the quantities of polluting have increased dramatically; the evaluation of a suitable method for predicting and monitoring the pollution will be very important. To prevent ...

Innovative cities are essential for the economic growth and development of countries. At the same time, however, social and environmental problems related to city growth can be serious threats to the full realisation of the socio-economic contribution that cities can make. In this paper it is argued that the notion of a “system of innovation” is helpful in understanding the factors that shape t...

With the growing ease of collecting, transmitting, storing, processing, and analyzing massive amounts of data, Big Data has caught the attention of local officials in recent years. Based on a multi-layered institutional theories and an extensive analysis of the 30 largest cities and 35 selected mid-sized cities in the U.S, this study examines how U.S. cities are using mobile phone apps, sensors...