BACKGROUND Measurement of initial enamel erosion is currently limited to in vitro methods. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) have been used clinically to study advanced erosion. Little is known about their potential on initial enamel erosion. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the sensitivity of QLF and OCT in detecting initial dental erosion in vitro. ...

In Central Aragón (NE Spain), where strong and dry winds are frequent all year round, fallow lands are susceptible to wind erosion due to insufficient crop residues on the surface and loose, finely divided soils by multiple tillage operations. Effects of conventional tillage (CT — mouldboard ploughing followed by a compacting roller) and reduced tillage (RT — chisel ploughing) on soil surface p...

Currently gravity irrigation remains the most widely used in agricultural areas and 90 percent of plantings, the water is applied to the plots by gravity. One of the main problems with these systems is erosion, which is a by product of the erosive forces of water over the row, which brings soil loss and therefore decreases in crop yield. Erosion is the removal of surface soil material caused by...

The effects of different pH conditions on enamel erosion repair by nano fluorapatite (n-FA) pastes were evaluated in this study. Eighteen human dental enamel blocks with artificially-induced erosion were randomly divided into three groups that were coated with n-FA pastes with 3 different pH values (pH < 1, pH = 4.5 and pH = 7.5, respectively) for 15 minutes. SEM, XRD, XPS, Vickers microhardnes...

Surface erosion and modification by energetic highly charged and cluster ions are important in the development of semiconductor devices, TeV accelerators, fission and fusion reactors, and in the development of extreme ultra-violet lithography devices. Gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) surface treatment can significantly mitigate the high-gradient electric vacuum breakdown of rf-cavities. GCIB can als...

Monitoring the surface deformation over the loess hills could help us understand the dynamics of soil erosion, the extent of anthropogenic impacts, and the mitigation methods for the potential damage to local ecosystems, agricultural production, socioeconomic infrastructure, water quality, and air quality in the Loess Plateau and the surrounding areas. The objectives of this study were to compr...

Some methodologies were compared in providing erosion maps of surface, rill and gully and erosion features, in research which took place in the Varamin sub-basin, north-east Tehran, Iran. A photomorphic unit map was produced from processed satellite images, and four other maps were prepared by the integration of different data layers, including slope, plant cover, geology, land use, rocks erodi...

As was already observed experimentally, the erosion of tungsten (W) coated graphite (C) tiles in ASDEX-Upgrade exhibit regular erosion patterns on the m rough surfaces who’s origin is not fully understood: Surfaces inclined towards the magnetic field direction show strong net W erosion while surfaces facing away from the magnetic field are shadowed from erosion and may even exhibit net W deposi...