During the Pleistocene, numerous species of equids were found in North and South America, Asia, and Africa. Of these, only seven or eight species remain today (depending on whether the domestic and Przewalski’s horse are counted as one or two species). Although the fossil record of Equidae is one of the classic examples of the evolutionary process, there are still many aspects of the evolution ...

Akkașdağı is an abundant and diverse Turolian mammalian locality from Central Anatolia. Our paper reports the findings of our investigation of the paleoenvironment using an ecomorphological approach on the metapodials of hipparionine horses from Akkașdağı. First, a detailed description of the underlying theoretical model is given, and a habitat score is described. Then the model developed here ...

The VEE complex of viruses includes six antigenic subtypes (I–VI). Within subtype I there are five antigenic variants (variants AB–F). Originally, subtypes I-A and I-B were considered to be distinct variants, but they are now considered to be identical (I-AB). Antigenic variants I-AB and I-C are associated with epizootic activity in equids and human epidemics. Historically, severe outbreaks hav...

The dispersal of Equus into South America during the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) represented a major event for Pleistocene land-mammal age chronology on that continent. It has been argued that this dispersal occurred during the late Pleistocene, ∼0.125 Ma, and it defines the base of the Lujanian South American Land Mammal Age (SALMA). In this scenario, Equus dispersed during the fo...

The ancestry of horses from five-toed species via the small Eohippus of the American continent has been a prime topic of study for evolutionary biologists. It is best traced in two contributions: by Simpson (1951), and by Thenius & Hofer (1960). Coming from the American continent, the equid ancestors distributed to Eurasia while speciating into the extant members during their expansion to the W...

Abstract Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) is a key site for the study of human evolution as well origin modern humans and Middle Stone Age (MSA). In this study, we present new MSA location named Dorothy Garrod Site (DGS), found in main branch Gorge. The has only one archaeological level, located stratigraphically Upper Ndutu. Although it not yet been possible to radiometrically date it, yielded numerou...