introduction: nowadays,  considerable developments  in  the field  of  radiotherapy have  been  achieved.  they  include  the  advances  made  in  the  equipments  and  treatment  planning  techniques  which  require  highly complex calculations. such achievements have made it possible to treat cancer patients not only  with  higher  radiation  dose  but  also  with  higher  precision  and  con...

A signal set whose root-mean-square inner product magnitude equals the Welch lower bound is called a WBE signal set. WBE signal sets are of interest in synchronous CDMA communication systems. This chapter surveys the known results on WBE signal sets and extends them in several ways. In particular, WBE signal sets over signal alphabets whose size is a prime power (the most important case is the ...

The paper presents a comparative study of NLMS (Normalized Least Mean Square), NVSS (New Variable Step Size) LMS (Least Mean Square), RVSS (Robust Variable Step Size) LMS, TVLMS (Time Varying Least Mean Square) and IVSS (Improved Variable Step Size) LMS adaptive filter algorithms. Four performances criterion are utilized in this study: Minimum Mean Square Error (MSE), Convergence Speed, Algorit...

This paper proposes a simple semi-analytical method for designing coil-systems for homogeneous magnetostatic field generation. The homogeneity of the magnetic field and the average magnitude of the magnetic flux density inside of the volume of interest are the objective functions chosen for the selection of the coil-system geometry (size and location), number of coils and the number of turns of...

The size (volume) of a large tetrametallic molecular square, that has resisted characterization by mass spectrometry, has been determined by pulsed-field gradient NMR spectroscopy, a technique that reports on self-diffusion coefficients. These scale inversely with hydrodynamic radii, which in turn scale approximately as the cube of the assembly's mass. The technique has also been used to determ...

Emergencies resulting in large-scale displacement often lead to populations resettling in areas where basic health services and sanitation are unavailable. To plan relief-related activities quickly, rapid population size estimates are needed. The currently recommended Quadrat method estimates total population by extrapolating the average population size living in square blocks of known area to ...