A new multivariate analysis technique, developed to relate community composition to known variation in the environment, is described. The technique is an extension of correspondence analysis (reciprocal averaging), a popular ordination technique that extracts continuous axes of vari? ation from species occurrence or abundance data. Such ordination axes are typically interpreted with the help of...

In this paper it is argued that Hintikka’s game theoretical semantics for Independence Friendly logic does not formalize the intuitions about independent choices; it rather is a formalization of imperfect information. Furthermore it is shown that the logic has several strange properties (e.g. renaming of bound variables is not allowed). An alternative semantics is proposed which formalizes intu...

Several variants of a first-order simplification rule for nonnormal form tableaux using syntactic constraints are presented. These can be used as a framework for porting methods like unit resolution or hyper tableaux to non-normal form free variable tableaux.

An alternative approach to the semantics of definite descriptions was proposed by Heim in her dissertation [1982]. Heim assigns to pragmatics a larger part of the task of specifying the meaning of definite descriptions than the neo-Russellians do. In Heim’s theory, definite and indefinite NPs are semantically equivalent, and both introduce free variables. The truth conditions proposed by Heim f...

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today, environmental threats are in center of important questions’ human conscience twenty-first century. these questions have attracted public opinions quit alarming and they posed extreme sensitivity to the environment on a global level. this study aimed at understanding the role of social structural factors on the gap between environmental attitudes and behavior carried out. population invol...

The distribution of beta diversity is shaped by factors linked to environmental and spatial control. The relative importance of both processes in structuring spider metacommunities has not yet been investigated in the Atlantic Forest. The variance explained by purely environmental, spatially structured environmental, and purely spatial components was compared for a metacommunity of web spiders....