multiple sclerosis (ms) is an autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent episodes of demyelination and axonal lesion mediated by cd4+ t cells with a proinflammatory t helper (th)1 and th17 phenotypes, macrophages, and soluble inflammatory mediators. the overactive  pro-inflammatory  th1  cells  and  clonal  expansion  of  b  cells  initiate  an inflammatory cascade with several cellular and ...

Three murine monoclonal anti-ssDNA autoantibodies have been produced by fusion of spleen cells from NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mice with Sp2/0-Ag 14 murine myeloma cells. Specificity studies characterizing monoclonal anti - ssDNA autoantibodies revealed binding patterns for nucleotides. Clone E-4-1 showed preferential binding with mono-di-and polyguanosine. Clones E-4-4 and E-11-1 specitically bound mon...

Enterocytes exist in close association with tissue macrophages, whose activation during inflammatory processes leads to the release of nitric oxide (NO). Repair from mucosal injury requires the migration of enterocytes into the mucosal defect, a process that requires connexin43 (Cx43)-mediated gap junction communication between adjacent enterocytes. Enterocyte migration is inhibited during infl...

BACKGROUND Arginine (ARG) and nitric oxide maintain the mucosal integrity of the intestine in various intestinal disorders. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of oral ARG supplementation on intestinal structural changes, enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis following methotrexate (MTX)-induced intestinal damage in a rat. METHODS Male rats were divided into four experimental grou...

Partly digested food entering the small intestine is finally broken down into a number of simple components by a variety of hydrolytic enzymes present on the surface of intestinal villi. These products of hydrolysis are then transported across the intestine by different carrier molecules present on the microvillus surface of villus enterocytes. Microvilli expand considerably the surface area ov...

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and diazinon (DZN) are thionophosphorus organophosphate (OP) insecticides; their toxicity is mediated through CYP metabolism to CPF-oxon and DZN-oxon, respectively. Conversely, CYPs also detoxify these OPs to trichloropyridinol (TCP) and 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMHP), respectively. In addition, A-esterase (PON1) metabolism of CPF- and DZN-oxon also forms TCP...

BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for the assimilation of nutrients and plays a key role in the regulation of nutrient metabolism and energy balance. The molecular mechanisms by which intestinal sugar transport are regulated are controversial. Based on rodent studies, two models currently exist that involve activation of the sweet-taste receptor, T1R2/3: an indirect model, wh...

PEPT1 function in mouse intestine has not been assessed by means of electrophysiology and methods to assess its role in intracellular pH and fluid homeostasis. Therefore, the effects of the dipeptide glycilsarcosin (Gly-Sar) on jejunal fluid absorption and villous enterocyte intracellular pH (pH(i)) in vivo, as well as on enterocyte[(14)C]Gly-Sar uptake, short-circuit current (I(sc)) response, ...

beta 2 glycoprotein i (β2gpi) is a single chain 50 kda highly glycosylated glycoprotein at an approximate concentration of 4 μm in cells. the abundance of this protein in plasma and its high state of preservation indicate the important role of this protein in mammalian. in addition, β2gpi has a particular structure in the fifth domain, and is categorized as the major antigen recognized by autoa...

Enterocytes play an important role in drug absorption and metabolism. However, a widely used enterocyte model, Caco-2 cell, has difficulty in evaluating both drug absorption and metabolism because the expression levels of some drug absorption and metabolism-related genes in these cells differ largely from those of human enterocytes. Therefore, we decided to generate the enterocyte-like cells fr...