This article explains for the Russian reader doctrine of causa ion in criminal law England. As a result, following conclusions are drawn: 1) reduction causation to cause sine qua non promoted theory is inappropriate; 2) mens rea does not allow limiting range punishable acts reasonable limits; 3) Englih understanding causality very perfect, it contradictory and casuistic so unsuitable reception,...

a. Rationale for protection. The protection of confidential business information dates at least to Roman law, which afforded relief against a person who induced another's employee to divulge secrets relating to the master's commercial affairs. The modern law of trade secrets evolved in England in the early 19th century, apparently in response to the growing accumulation of technical know-how an...

Since the discovery of a power law scaling between the mean and variance of natural populations, this phenomenon has been observed for a variety of species. Here, we show that the same form of power law scaling also occurs in measles case reports in England and Wales. Remarkably this power law holds over four orders of magnitude. We consider how the natural experiment of vaccination affects the...

OBJECTIVE To improve the use and dosage of antibiotics prescribed at Commune Health Stations in Viet Nam, and in so doing find out whether antibiotic dosage can be easily and reliably measured as a drug-use indicator. METHODS All commune health workers from the 217 commune health stations in Hai Phong Province, Viet Nam, were enlisted over an 18-month study period during 1994-96. The study de...

generally speaking, tax is deemed as a manifestation of the government's authority and plays a key role in procuring public revenues as the most critical factor. indeed, we might say that continuity of the governmental activities depend on receiving taxes. thus, taxes occupy a high rank of importance in most countries, especially iran and england. therefore, lots of powers and privileges h...

in this article economic loss means those losses occurring independently of physical damage to things or to a person's body or health. there are two main positions about reparability of these losses: in some countries like french, belgium, spain, italy and luxembourg as a principle rule economic loss is recoverable and there is no difference between economic loss and other losses. but in s...