This paper reveals that logistics make up at least 17% of annual operational expenditure costs for offshore wind farms. Annual operational expenditure is found to vary by a factor of 9.5, making its share of levelized cost of energy for offshore wind range from 13% to 57%. These are key findings of a 20-month research project targeting cost reduction initiatives for offshore wind systems. The f...

This article examines the prospects for cost reductions of flat panel photovoltaic (PV) electricity. Current PV production cost ranges are presented, in terms of cost per peak W and cost per kWh, for single crystalline and multi-crystalline silicon, as well as for thin-film technologies. Possible decreases of these costs are assessed, as expected based on learning curves. The cumulative product...

today, one of the biggest problems that gripped the banking sphere, the high cost of implementing advanced technologies and the efficient use of the hardware. cloud computing is the use of shared services on the internet provides a large role in developing the banking system, without the need for operating expenses including staffing, equipment, hardware and software reducing the cost of implem...

these days, limited energy resources, and also the cost of investment in new and renewable energy is very costly and uneconomical. in the industrial sector, especially energy-intensive industries such as steel, finding appropriate solutions to update the technology, production and reduce energy consumption in this sector is very important. the main aim of this study is the identification and ra...

Interaction across applications in DRAM memory impacts its energy consumption. This paper makes the case for accurate pertask DRAM energy metering in multicores, which opens new paths to energy/performance optimizations, such as per-task energy-aware task scheduling and energy-aware billing in datacenters. In particular, the contributions of this paper are (i) an ideal per-task energy metering ...

wind power has been widely considered in recent years as an available and a clean renewable energy source. the cost of wind energy production is currently the main issue, and increasing the size of wind turbines can reduce wind energy production costs. hence, megawatt wind turbines are being rapidly developed in recent years. in this paper, an aerodynamic analysis of the nrel 5mw turbine is car...

The objectives of this research were to investigate influences of energy inputs and energy forms on output levels and evaluation of CO2 emissions for hazelnut production in Guilan province of Iran. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis was done by marginal physical productivity (MPP) method for energy inputs and energy using linear regression. Initial data were collected from 120 orchar...