Emissions trading systems as a means of air pollution control have been developed in recent years to address some important limitations of traditional command and control environmental regulation. Trading systems address many of the inefficiencies of command systems and may promote cost-effectiveness by introducing flexibility and providing incentives for sources with lower control costs to und...

An important problem is the removal of noise from input measurements and state estimates. Reverse engineering, or approximation, of black boxes within systems is also a highly relevant topic. Methods are given, including least squares methods and a Bayesian inverse approach, to perform these approximations. Real time methods are also considered, for example the Extended Kalman filter. A particu...

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Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent the positions of IIASA or its collaborating and supporting organizations. The orientation and content of this report cannot be taken as indicating the position of the European Commission or its services. Summary This report reviews recent developments that are potentially relevant for the control of agricultu...

Science serves its readers as a forum for the presentation and discussion of important issues related to the advancement of science, including the presentation of minority or conflicting points of view, rather than by publishing only material on which a consensus has been reached. Accordingly, all articles published in Science-including editorials, news and comment, and book reviews-are signed ...

In Europe agriculture is an important contributor to emissions of the acidifying compound ammonia (NH3) and the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Measures to reduce one of these gases may also have an impact on emissions of the others. This study investigates the effects of control options for NH3, N2O, and CH4 that are available for the European agriculture on the emissio...

Mercury emissions in China have increased by 164% during 1992-2007. While major mercury producers were among energy combustion and nonferrous metal sectors, little is known for the socioeconomic factors driving the growth of emissions. In this paper we examine the underlying drivers and their contributions to the change of mercury emissions. Results show that changes in per capita GDP and GDP c...

We describe a strategy for dealing with the challenges of air pollution and climate change capable of adaptation to improved scientific knowledge in the future. The analytical framework for identifying efficient control strategies is described and selected results of cost-effective methods to control SO:z, NO. and CO2 emissions are discussed. 1. INTRODUCflON The eighties saw the emergence of th...

The delegates to COP21 in Paris, in conjunction with nationally formulated commitments and pledges, resolved that countries should take actions to ‘‘hold the increase in global temperature to well below 2 1C above pre-industrial levels’’ and to achieve ‘‘a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removal by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century’’. This resol...

Further improvements of emission control will require reliable estimation of emissions in real time. While many progresses are being done in terms of physical sensors, there is a wide agreement that virtual sensors and more in general real time emission models will play a central role in the next steps. While there is a deep understanding of the physics of the regulated pollutants, most general...