Specialized signals emitted by competing males often convey honest information about fighting ability. It is generally believed that receivers use these signals to directly assess their opponents. Here, we demonstrate an alternative communication strategy used by males in a breeding system where the costs of conflict are extreme. We evaluated the acoustic displays of breeding male northern elep...

Pongola Game Reserve in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa is a small (12,959 ha private land and 1,943 ha state land) fenced reserve with a large elephant population (79 individuals). Landowners are increasingly concerned about elephant impact on vegetation in the reserve and thus steps must be made to ensure the sustainable management of this elephant population. In 2008 Disney Corporation funded va...

Elephant flows, which are high-rate large-sized flows, can cause increased packet delays and losses in other flows. Large enterprises often upgrade their access links even before the load reaches a high level to avoid service degradations caused by elephant flows. This work proposes and demonstrates an alternative solution to access-link upgrades. The solution consists of deploying a high-speed...

Correspondence To the Editor: We report two cases of arch replacement combined with frozen elephant trunk implantation procedure using the collared anastomosis technique for giant arch and thoracic aorta dilatation. A 62‑year‑old hypertensive female patient was admitted because of endoleak after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). The patient underwent TEVAR procedure because of Stanfo...

East African elephants have been hunted for their ivory for millennia but the nineteenth century witnessed strongly escalating demand from Europe and North America. It has been suggested that one consequence was that by the 1880s elephant herds along the coast had become scarce, and to meet demand, trade caravans trekked farther into interior regions of East Africa, extending the extraction fro...

There is a need to identify strategic investments in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) health that will yield maximal benefits for overall elephant health and conservation. As an exploratory first step, a survey was administered to veterinarians from Asian elephant range countries at a workshop and via email to help prioritize health-related concerns that will mostly benefit elephants. Responses...

The Runx family genes encode transcription factors that play key roles in hematopoiesis, skeletogenesis and neurogenesis and are often implicated in diseases. We describe here the cloning and characterization of Runx1, Runx2, Runx3 and Runxb genes in the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii), a member of Chondrichthyes, the oldest living group of jawed vertebrates. Through the use of alternative...

Debate over repealing the ivory trade ban dominates conferences of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Resolving this controversy requires accurate estimates of elephant population trends and rates of illegal killing. Most African savannah elephant populations are well known; however, the status of forest elephants, perhaps a distinct spe...

The current study provides a number of novel observations on the organization and structure of the cerebellar cortex of the African elephant by using a combination of basic neuroanatomical and immunohistochemical stains with Golgi and stereologic analysis. While the majority of our observations indicate that the cerebellar cortex of the African elephant is comparable to other mammalian species,...

To elucidate the history of living and extinct elephantids, we generated 39,763 bp of aligned nuclear DNA sequence across 375 loci for African savanna elephant, African forest elephant, Asian elephant, the extinct American mastodon, and the woolly mammoth. Our data establish that the Asian elephant is the closest living relative of the extinct mammoth in the nuclear genome, extending previous f...