According to astrophysical and cosmological observations, about 20 percent of the total energy in the universe is contributed by dark matter, which, within present observational limits, only exhibits gravitational interaction. Meanwhile, the Standard Model of elementary particles don’t contain such weakly-interacting constituents. To solve this mystery several schemes extending the Standard Mod...

In this article we have summarized the status of the system SANC version 0.41. We have implemented theoretical predictions for many high energy interactions of fundamental particles at the one-loop precision level for up to 4-particle processes. In the present part of our SANC description we place emphasis on an extensive discussion of an important first step of calculations of the one-loop amp...

We present an extended problem appropriate for students in a semester-long introductory elementary particle physics class. This problem requires them to synthesize concepts and investigative approaches learned throughout the class, directed toward answering the question of why muon-to-electron conversion experiments are proposed, but not electron-to-muon experiments. Although direct electron-to...

Abstract. The Higgs field is a central point of the Standard Model supplying masses to other fields through the symmetry breaking mechanism. However, it is associated with an elementary particle which is not yet discovered experimentally. In this short note I suggest a way for expressing the Higgs field through other fields of the Standard Model. If this is the case, being not an independent fi...

We assess the prospects for attaining steady nuclear flow equilibrium in expanding r-process environments where beta decay and/or neutrino capture determine the nuclear charge-changing rates. For very rapid expansions, we find that weak steady flow equilibrium normally cannot be attained. However, even when neutron capture processes freeze out in such nonequilibrium conditions, abundance ratios...

The constrained Hamiltonian formalism is recommended as a means for getting a grip on the concepts of gauge and gauge transformation. This formalism makes it clear how the gauge concept is relevant to understanding Newtonian and classical relativistic theories as well as the theories of elementary particle physics; it provides an explication of the vague notions of “local” and “global” gauge tr...

We develop theory leading to an ability to catalog types of elementary particles. The resulting catalog provides for known interaction-mediating bosons, non-traditional interactioncarrying bosons, and fermions. Ratios of theoretical numbers of analogs of various types of particles match observed ratios of densities for baryonic matter, dark matter, and dark energy.

For example, if for some input x of length len(x) = n, an algorithm requires 2 computational steps, then for an input of a reasonable length n ≈ 300, we would need 2 computational steps. Even if we use a hypothetical computer for which each step takes the smallest physically possible time (the time during which light passes through the smallest known elementary particle), we would still need mo...

Uncovering the origin of flavor mixing and CP violation is one of the main goals in elementary particle physics today. As part of this program, the constraining of the CKM unitarity triangle through the redundant measurement of its angles and sides plays a central rôle. The aim of the present summary is to review the state of the art regarding the measurement of the sides |Vub| and |Vcb|, as it...

The dynamics of the universe may be dominated by novel weakly interacting elementary particles, by baryons in an invisible form, by black holes, and globally by vacuum energy. The main arguments for and against such hypotheses are reviewed.