Introduction: Treatment with megavoltage electron beams is ideal for irradiating superficial tumors because of their limited range in tissues. However, for electron treatment of extended areas, such as the chest wall, two or more adjacent fields can be used. Abutment of these fields may lead to significant dose in homogeneities in the junction region. The aim of this study is to offer a new met...

background: one of the main problems of dedicated iort accelerators is to determine dosimetric characteristics of the electron beams. monte carlo simulation of iort accelerator head and produced beam will be useful to improve the accuracy of beam dosimetry. materials and methods: liac accelerator head was modeled using the beamnrcmonte carlo simulation system. phase-space files were generated a...

Beam pipes of high-energy superconducting colliders require a shielding tube (liner) with pumping slots to screen cold chamber walls from synchrotron radiation. Pumping slots in the liner walls are required to keep high vacuum inside the beam pipe and provide for a long beam lifetime. As previously discussed [Fedotov and Gluckstern, Phys. Rev. E 54, 1930 (1996)], for a long narrow slot whose le...

We have set up an atomic beam of cesium for the study of spin-dependent electron-cesium scattering. The beam is produced by an effusive oven with continuous recirculation of the condensed metal. The beam is optically pumped by circularly polarized light from two laser diodes tuned to the 6 2 S1/2 (F -3) 6 21P3/2 (F' = 4) and 6 2 Sl/2 (F = 4) --, 6 2 P3/2 (F' = 5) transitions, respectively. Near...

A recently introduced figure of merit for environmental and low vacuum scanning electron microscopes has now been computed in the full operational pressure range for one commercial instrument. The direct simulation Monte Carlo method has been used in lieu of experimental measurements. The theory of this figure of merit is further consolidated. It is shown that a thin pressure limiting aperture ...

We report experimental observations of intensity modulation and spatial splitting of four-wave mixing (FWM) signal beams which can be effectively controlled by the polarization states of the pumping laser beams. Due to the periodic change of the pumping beam’s polarization states, the intensity of the FWM beam also evolves periodically. The periodic spatial splitting phenomenon has been observe...

We study pump–probe spectroscopy of Rb vapor. Absorption spectra are presented for a weak probe beam in a room temperature vapor subject to a strong counter propagating pump beam of identical frequency. The importance of hyperfine pumping in the formation of the sub-Doppler spectrum is explained. For typical experimental parameters we clarify why the standard designation of ‘‘saturated absorpti...

The optimal functionalities of materials often appear at phase transitions involving simultaneous changes in the electronic structure and the symmetry of the underlying lattice. It is experimentally challenging to disentangle which of the two effects--electronic or structural--is the driving force for the phase transition and to use the mechanism to control material properties. Here we report t...

Spin transport in inorganic semiconductors provides an indispensable building block for realizing the so-called beyond-CMOS technologies. Since the spin-orbit interaction in silicon (Si) is essentially small, Si-based functional devices using the spin degree of freedom is recognized to be promising with respect to spin coherence. Although spin transport at room temperature (RT) in n-Si has been...