A general overview on the prospective of various oxidation and combined processes in the treatment of tannery industry effluent are reported. Various oxidation and combined processes such as UV/H2O2/Hypochlorites, Fenton and Electro-oxidation, photo-chemical, photo-catalytic, electro-catalytic oxidation, wet air oxidation, ozonation, biological followed by ozone/UV/ H2O2, coagulation or electro...

Interface stability is a key factor for stable operation of electronic and electrochemical devices. This contribution introduces an approach the operando analysis interfaces using photoelectron spectroscopy employing solid oxide cell. The combined chemical information provided by experiment reveals that not only but also electrostatic boundary conditions are essential interface stability. demon...

The classical theory of electrokinetic phenomena assumes a dilute solution of point-like ions in chemical equilibrium with a surface whose doublelayer voltage is of order the thermal voltage, kBT/e = 25 mV. In nonlinear ‘induced-charge’ electrokinetic phenomena, such as ac electro-osmosis, several volts ≈100kBT/e are applied to the double layer, and the theory breaks down and cannot explain man...

Electro-chemical polishing is a process of improving micro smoothness, micro topology, and material brightness by anodic dissolving of the substrate in an electrolyte with an external source of electricity. The resulting surface improvements depend on the uniformity of the material microstructure, the lack of surface inclusions, and the consistency of the surface finish all over the target area...

In this paper we present a complete methodology for efficient electro-mechanical characterization of a CMOS compatible MEMS technology. Using an original test structure, the so-called “U-shape cantilever beam,” we are able to determine all mechanical characteristics of force sensors constituted with elementary beams in a given technology. A complete set of electro-mechanical relations for the d...