The term kindling refers to the gradual development of epileptiform activity as a result of repeated, spaced stimulations of specific brain regions e.g. amygdala, hippocampus. cerebral cortex. Electrically kindled seizures are a valuable model of human complex partial epilepsy and evidence is accumulating for an involvement of excitatory amino acids (EAAs), and in particular glutamate. in this ...

Stress may cause special behavioral and biochemical changes. Kindling is presumed to be the underlying mechanism for such changes. Lamotrigin, an anti-kindling agent which blocks glutamate release through inhibiting sodium channels may reverse these behavioral changes. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of lamotrigin in management of behavioral and biochemical changes caused by st...

Introduction: In the Kindling-induced seizure model, low and repeated electrical or chemical stimulations, can elevate the neural network excitability and induce epileptiform seizures. Opioid receptors are widely distributed in different areas of the brain. On the other hand, morphine has paradoxical effects and induces elevation or alleviation of the pain sensation and excitability, at diff...

OBJECTIVE The study aims to compare the effects of urethane and ketamine anesthesia on kindling-induced after discharges (AD). MATERIALS AND METHODS We divided forty 4-6 week old female C57BL/6J mice into two groups: one group was anesthetized with urethane (n = 20) and the other with ketamine (n = 20). Kindling was with an electrical stimulation (ES) consisting of a 1-s pulse train of 60 1-m...

Introduction: Considering high prevalence of epileptic disease and considering that 40 percent of epileptic patients are resistant to drug therapy, it needs more researches to find new therapeutic ways. LFS is among the new methods for epilepsy treatments. One possible mechanism involved in the anticonvulsant effect of LFS is increased adenosine. Therefore, in this study the role of adenosin...

There are abundant studies indicating that blocking gap junctions (GJs) containing connexin 36 (Cx36) inhibit seizures. However, recent evidences demonstrate proconvulsant effect of such intervention. Electrical coupling between GABAergic interneurons in CA1 region of hippocampus is mediated through Cx36 GJs. We investigated effect of quinine, a specific blocker of Cx36, on the seizure severity...

Introduction: In the Kindling-induced seizure model, low and repeated electrical or chemical stimulations, can elevate the neural network excitability and induce epileptiform seizures. Opioid receptors are widely distributed in different areas of the brain. On the other hand, morphine has paradoxical effects and induces elevation or alleviation of the pain sensation and excitability, at differe...

The neuropeptide somatostatin has been suggested to play a role in seizure genesis, electrical kindling and the neurotoxic effects of alcohol. The purpose of the present experiment was to study somatostatin-immunoreactive (SS-IR) neurons in hippocampus during alcohol-withdrawal kindling. Alcohol-withdrawal kindling was performed by subjecting male Wistar rats to seven weekly episodes consisting...

Kindling-related changes of the hippocampal evoked field potentials and patterns of the spontaneous interictal spikes were investigated in 10 hippocampally kindled cats. A complex potential waveform was recorded by macroelectrodes placed in the CA3 region of the hippocampal gyrus and hilus of the gyrus dentatus, close to the granule cell layer, after stimulation of the entorhinal cortex. After ...

Temporal lobe epileptics often experience profound interictal (i.e. between seizure) emotional disturbances, such as fear, anxiety, and depression. Although the presence of this interictal emotionality has been well documented, little progress has been made in identifying its precise nature and cause because it is not amenable to experimental analysis in clinical populations. Accordingly, there...