That is, the electric potential difference is the work that must be done, per unit charge, to move from  to  with no change in kinetic energy. Remember not to confuse electric potential energy ∆ which is in joules, and electric potential difference ∆ which is in units of  =    The electric field is perpendicular to equipotentials, that is lines of constant electric poten...

Electrons can experience super-adiabatic heating at a collisionless shock due to the presence of a cross-shock electric potential. This heating can greatly exceed the temperature rise associated with the conservation of the magnetic moment of the electrons as they move into the stronger magnetic eld downstream of the shock. The criterion for the onset of super-adiabatic heating and the eeects o...

In this study, electro-thermo-mechanical nonlinear vibration and instability of embedded piezoelectric micro-tube is carried out based on nonlocal theory and nonlinear Donnell's shell model. The smart micro-tube made of Poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is conveying an isentropic, incompressible fluid. The detailed parametric study is conducted, focusing on the remarkable effects of mean flow vel...

objectives: the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether intra-canal application of controlled direct electric current (dec) could accelerate the amount of orthodontic tooth movement (otm) in young adult mixed breed dogs. methods: fourth premolars of both jaws of five young adult mixed breed dogs were divided into two groups of control and experimental groups. orthodontic force was applied...

Complicated potential structure formed at a constriction of positive column of a DC discharge with heated cathode in He at low discharge currents is investigated. According to the potential structure, electrons and ions are accelerated by the electric field and their energy distribution functions acquire multi humped shapes. Additional maximums on distribution functions quickly disappear due to...

This article presents an exact solution for an axisymmetric functionally graded piezoelectric (FGP) rotating disk with constant thickness subjected to an electric field and thermal gradient. All mechanical, thermal and piezoelectric properties except for Poisson’s ratio are taken in the form of power functions in radial direction. After solving the heat transfer equation, first a symmetric dist...

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether intra-canal application of controlled direct electric current (DEC) could accelerate the amount of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in young adult mixed breed dogs. Methods: Fourth premolars of both jaws of five young adult mixed breed dogs were divided into two groups of control and experimental groups. Orthodontic force...