using economic sanctions as an instrument to prevent proliferation of weapon of mass destruction in foreign policy is expanding today.to understand the role of nonproliferation of weapon of mass destruction in foreign policy of great powers and in imposing sanctions by security council particularly us and eu, bases of various literature structures especially study on international relations the...

The problem of law enforcement against illegal fishing perpetrators in Indonesia's Exclusive Economic Zone or ZEEI needs to find a solution, especially related imprisonment which cannot be imposed on the perpetrator. Practically, imposition fines also applied optimally with various existing obstacles. It is course becomes when coastal state wants impose proper punishment for ZEEI. In other word...

the sanction (tasvib) and the denigration (takhtia) problem is one of the differences of opinions between the moslems' usolist. for the answer to this question that which religion and belief follows the sanction or the denigration, there is no clear expression. whatever we see in the  principle imamye's writings,  they relate the  basis of  the  denigration to imamye and the basis of ...

This article examines the impact of cross-border economic sanctions (CES) on quality national health – proxied by life expectancy. Structural gravity models are employed for a sample 148 sanctioned countries (108 developing and 40 developed countries) during 1995–2018 period. We consider various forms sanction, including arms, military, trade, finance travel. The results reveal that imposition ...

As explained by Axelrod in his seminal work An Evolutionary Approach to Norms, punishment is a key mechanism to achieve the necessary social control and to impose social norms in a self-regulated society. In this paper, we distinguish between two enforcing mechanisms. i.e. punishment and sanction, focusing on the specific ways in which they favor the emergence and maintenance of cooperation. Th...

Sanctioning or punishing is regarded as one of the most important dynamics in the evolution of cooperation. However, it has not been empirically examined yet whether or not such enforcement selection by sanctioning or punishing and classical theories like kin or reciprocity selection are separate mechanisms contributing to the evolution of cooperation. In addition, it remains largely unclear wh...

This chapter surveys the theory of the public enforcement of law—the use of governmental agents (regulators, inspectors, tax auditors, police, prosecutors) to detect and to sanction violators of legal rules. The theoretical core of the analysis addresses the following basic questions: Should the form of the sanction imposed on a liable party be a fine, an imprisonment term, or a combination of ...