globalization, more than a concept, is a process in which developing of sciences, technologies of production and information have changed many sides of life and brought some different approaches to them. among these phenomena, power relations have significantly changed. levels and aspects of development have interaction with other changing concepts and sometimes reject the patterns of moderniza...

Intergovernmental transfers have been employed in all federations to achieve a variety of political and economic objectives. However, an emphasis on economic objectives helps to focus the analysis on the ideal design of the transfer schemes and the departures from this can then be analysed in terms of various non-economic (political) objectives. In this paper, we present the economic rationale ...

Marine spatial planning is developing rapidly in many regions and countries in response to increases in ocean uses and user conflicts, growing environmental degradation and loss of ecosystem services, and awareness of the shortcomings of single-sector management. Marine spatial planning attempts to reduce spatial use conflicts and environmental stressors by comprehensively planning for multiple...

BACKGROUND New vector control tools are needed to combat insecticide resistance and reduce malaria transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) endorses larviciding as a supplementary vector control intervention using larvicides recommended by the WHO Pesticides Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES). The decision to scale-up larviciding in Nigeria provided an opportunity to investigate the factors in...

This chapter reviews the information and communication technology (ICT) policy development process in Africa and assesses to what extent African countries have taken on board ICT issues in their overall national development policies and plans. It is argued that African countries lag behind in technological issues hence negatively affecting the overall development of the continent due to their i...

Background: Development plans aimed at macro-management planning in a country significantly impact all functional fields. This study investigated the status and significance of the health sector in the first to sixth economic, social, and cultural development plans in Iran.  Methods: This was a review study using documentary analysis method. The review was conducted with an emphasis on purpose...